Transcript function - mselder

The Human Organism and
the Perpetuation of Life
• Write the black, read the red
WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT
CELLS?
Follow in workbook pg. 67
The Cell
building blocks of all living organisms.
Start= all the same, become specialized.
Use pg. 127 of your textbook to
help you fill in the cell diagram
• We will only really focus on the Nucleus,
DNA, and the Mitochondria
Homework: Workbook pg. 68
DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
DNA = a double helix molecule located in the
cell nucleus
when straightened looks like a ladder.
molecule = 2 chains are linked by pairs of
tiny molecules called bases
adenine
guanine
thymine
cytosine
Label diagram on pg. 69 of
workbook using pg. 128 of the
textbook
The Human Genome
A genome = complete set of genetic information
of an individual
Genes
Genes
= a section of DNA with genetic information
required for a particular job.
small differences between each of our
genes, making us all different
Genetic Diversity
 All possible variation of genes = e.g. blue, brown
eyes
 Only identical twins are genetically identical
• More individuals in a population = greater the
genetic diversity (larger gene pool)
• The smaller the gene pool, the more genetic
abnormalities
Homework: Workbook pg. 70
Discussion: Textbook Pg 152,
Questions 1-7
Cell Division
Cell Division
= the process to produce new cells to:
 increase cell count (grow)
 regenerate damaged/broken tissue
 sexual reproduction
 Cells not dividing all the time = interphase
Chromosomes
• Has genetic material from father and
mother
• 23 pairs = total of 46 chromosomes (2n, or
diploid)
Chromosomes
Human Cells
contain 23 pairs
of
chromosomes
Tightly coiled DNA
strand gives the
chromosome its
recognizable shape
Caryotype of a male
Caryotype of a female
 Before cell divides =
copies all DNA
 bases = proper sequence
until 2 identical strands.
Fill in Workbook pg. 71 and the
handout using pg. 134 of
textbook
Stages of Mitosis film
• mitosis models
Meiosis=
sex cell division
 division of certain cells = produce sperm
and ovum (gametes)
 Gives 4 daughter cells, each with 23
chromosomes (n or haploid)
Meiosis film
Fill in workbook pg. 72 using pg.
135 of textbook
Daughter cell comparison
Mitosis
• 23 pairs of
chromosomes
• Diploid (2n)
Meiosis
• 23 chromosomes
• 2 daughter cells
produced
• 4 daughter cells
produced
• Haploid (n)
Workbook pg. 73 & 74
Discussion: textbook Pg. 152,
questions 8-15
Cellular Specialization
Follow on pg. 75 of workbook
Tissues ,Organs and Systems
 Our cells = specialized but work together
 Tissues = Cells with common function
 Organs= a structure made of various tissues
with specific function
 Systems= group of organs and tissues
working together
Tissues
1. Epithelial tissue:
Function: Covers & protects organs (inside and
out)
E.g. skin, lining of stomach, lining of lungs, etc.
2. Connective tissue:
Function: Binds & supports tissues and organs,
provides protection & nutrients
E.g. tendons, cartilage, blood, bones, fat
3. Nervous tissue:
Function: Control and guide body activity,
transmit messages
E.g. brain, spinal cord, nerves
4. Muscular tissue:
Function: contract & regain shape =making
body move
e.g. heart, internal organs, skeletal muscles
Organ Systems
 group of organs and tissues that work
together to perform a task.
 e.g. The respiratory system
Discussion: Textbook Pg. 153,
questions 16-18
Homework: Workbook pg. 76
Cells and tissues colouring
• Colour the diagram according to the cell
and tissue type
• All similar letters get coloured the same
colour
• E.g. This handout shows individual
epithelial cells, a small group of
epithelial cells, and epithelial tissue.
They all get coloured the same colour
The Reproductive System
Stages of human development
Fertilization
 = fusion of an ovum (n) and a spermatozoan
(n). Gives 1 complete cell, zygote, with all
genetic material (2n)
Conception video
Stages of human growth
Puberty
• The change that prepares the human body for
reproduction.
• Usually occurs between ages 10-14
• The beginning of puberty is marked by a
progressive increase in the production of sex
hormones.
• Hormones are chemical messengers
transported by blood to control actions of
organs
Hormones
Women
Hormones that trigger function
puberty
• Stimulate maturation
• FSH (follicleof ova
stimulating hormone) • Stimulate ovaries to
• LH (luteinizing
produce female sex
hormone)
hormones
Hormones
Women
Sex hormones
• Estrogens,
progesterone
function
• Start develop primary
and secondary
sexual
characteristics
Hormones
Men
Hormones that trigger function
puberty
• Stimulate production
• FSH (follicleof spermatozoa
stimulating hormone) • Stimulate testicles to
• LH (luteinizing
produce male sex
hormone)
hormones
Hormones
Men
Sex hormones
• testosterone
function
• Start develop primary
and secondary
sexual
characteristics
Sexual characteristics
Primary sexual
characteristics
Secondary sexual
characteristics
Women
• Genital organs
mature
• Menstrual cycle
begins
Women
• body hair appears
• Breasts develop
• Pelvis widens
Sexual characteristics
Primary sexual
characteristics
Secondary sexual
characteristics
Men
• Genital organs
mature
Men
• body hair appears
• Skeletal muscles
grow
• Larynx enlarges
(voice drops)
Homework: pg. 78 in Workbook
Discussion: Textbook Pg. 154,
questions 19-23
Female reproductive system
Fill in the diagram on pg. 79 of
the workbook using pg. 144 of
your textbook
Oogenesis
• = the process of
ovum (egg)
production by
meiosis
The Ovarian Cycle
• = the process whereby a single ovarian
follicle matures (in order to release an
ovum) and changes into a corpus luteum
(in order to encourage the implatation of
the ovum in the uterus)
Oogenesis & The Ovarian Cycle
The Menstrual Cycle
• Represents all of the periodic changes in
the uterine endometrium
The Menstrual Cycle
• Has three phases:
Menstrual phase
Proliferation phase
Secretory phase
Fill in page 80 of your workbook
using the tables on page 146 and
147 of your textbook
Menopause
• Occurs in women over the age of 40
• Ovarian and Menstrual end
• End of fertility
Homework: Pg. 81 & 82 in
workbook
Discussion Questions: pg. 154
#24-31
Male Reproductive System
Fill in the diagram on pg. 83 of the
workbook using pg. 149 of your
textbook
Spermatogenesis
• = the process of sperm production by
meiosis
Erection and Ejaculation
• An ERECTION involves the increase in
volume and rigidity of the penis as a result
of sexual arousal
• EJACULATION is the expulsion of semen
by the penis
Birth Control
• Have a look at page 151 in your textbook
Homework: page 84 of your
workbook
Discussion Questions: Pg. 155
# 32-34
Build a Concept Map
• Using the the words on page 155 to fill in
concept maps 1-3 for Chapter 5 of your
textbook.
• You can use your notes too.
Study questions: workbook pg.
85-88, questions 1-21
Page 68
1. They are the basic units of all living beings
2. A) Nucleus
B) Cell Membrane
C) Cytoplasm
3. A) cytosol
B) Endoplasmic reticulum
C) Lysosomes
Page 68
D) Nucleus
E) Cell membrane
F) Mitochondria
G) Endoplasmic reticulum or ribosomes
H) Golgi apparatus
I) DNA
J) Nuclear membrane
4. A) Yes B) No
C) Yes D) No
Page 70
1. Example answers: digesting nutrients, making
hair grow, repairing wounds, sending
messages to another cell, giving eyes their
color, etc.
2. - sexual reproduction - large population
3. A) DNA
B) Gene
C) Genome
D) Genetic Diversity
4. Identical twins
Page 70
5. A) adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
B) 2
C) because each base always binds with the
same base
6. No, these unions will not be beneficial
because they will decrease genetic diversity.
There will therefore be a greater risk of genetic
diseases developing
Page 73
1. a) True
b) True
c) False
d) True
2. A) Chromosomes or a human genome
B) because one chromosome comes from
your mom, the other from your dad
3. a) telophase
b) metaphase
c) anaphase
d) prophase
4. a) male gametes or sperm(atozoa)
b) female gametes or ova (eggs)
Page 74
5.
Similarities: The parent cell is diploid, the DNA
from the parent cell coils and condenses to form
pairs of chromosomes with identical chromatids
Differences: During meiosis cell divides twice
instead of only once, in meiosis the four
daughter cells end up with only half the genetic
material while in mitosis the two daughter cells
have the same genetic material as parent cell
Page 74
6.
Cell division method
Example
Function
Mitosis
Our bones getting
Growth
longer during childhood
Mitosis
A scar forming when
we cut ourselves
Repair
Meiosis
Production of gametes
Sexual reproduction
Mitosis
Dead skin cells
replaced by new cells
Tissue repair
7. Diploid cells have twice as many
chromosomes as haploid cell, or diploid cells
have two copies of each gene while haploid
cells have only one
Page 76
1. a) muscle tissue b) connective tissue
c) nerve tissue
2.
Function
Examples
cover and protect
Epithelial tissue of the skin
secrete
Epithelial tissue of salvary glands
absorb
Epithelial tissue of the small intestine
filter
Epithelial tissue of the kidney
3. A – cartilage tissue
B – bone tissue
C – blood tissue
D – fatty tissue
4. System: Cardiovascular System
Organ: Heart Tissue: Muscle Tissue
Page 78
1.
Hormone
Gland
Female
Male
FSH, LH,
progesterone,
estrogen,
testosterone
Pituitary gland
Estrogen,
Progesterone
Testosterone
2. See diagram in textbook
3. A – yes, secondary
B – no
C – yes, primary
D – yes, secondary
E – yes, primary
F – no
G – yes, secondary
4. Through fertilization of the mother’s ova by
the father’s spermatozoa
Page 81
1. See diagram in textbook
2. A – 3
B–4
C–2
D–6
E–5
F–1
3. a) ovarian follicle ruptures (ovulation)
b) Ovarian follicle changes into a corpus luteum
c) Menstruation or increase in FSH production
d) Thickening of the endometrium or decrease
in the production of FSH and LH
e) An ovarian follicle develops
Page 82
4. Menstrual phase – 2 to 6
Proliferation phase – 7 to12
Ovulation – 13
Secretory phase – 14 to 26
Menstrual phase – 27 to 31
5. a) Ovarian follicle
c) Corpus Luteum
e) Ovarian follicle
b) Pituitary gland
d) Uterus
f) Endometrium
Page 82
6. Ovulation will take place of the 16th day
because it occurs after a surge of FSH
hormones
Page 84
1. a) seminiferous tubules in the testicles
b) Spermatogenesis
c) Spermatogonia
d) Prostate and seminal vesicles
e) Corpora cavernosa and spongiosa
2. A – C – E – B – D
3. See diagram in textbook