Transcript 11/30 - Utexas

•Exam #3 W 12/5 at 7-8:30pm
in ETC 2.108 for the 9am class
and ECJ 1.202 for the noon class
•Review T 12/4 at 5pm in WRW 102
•Homework #4 due 12/3 (if needed)
Year End Topics:
•mtDNA
•Mapping
•Probability
•Evolution and the
Origin of Humans
Genotype
Phenotype
Genes code for
proteins (or RNA).
These gene
products give rise
to traits…
It is rarely this
simple.
Figs 1.15-17
The relationship between genes
and traits is often complex
Complexities include:
• Complex relationships between alleles
• Multiple genes controlling one trait
• One gene controlling multiple traits
• Environmental effects
What is different about these plants?
Environmental Variation
grown in
acidic soil
grown in
basic soil
The relationship between genes
and traits is often complex
Complexities include:
• Complex relationships between alleles
• Multiple genes controlling one trait
• One gene controlling multiple traits
• Environmental effects
Inheritance
can be
predicted by
probability
Probability of a 4=
1/6
Probability of two
4’s in a row=
1/6x1/6=1/36
Fig 3.07
Probability of 3 or 4 = 1/6+1/6= 1/3
Fig 3.07
“and” multiply
“or” add
Fig 3.07
Sickled and
normal red
blood cells
Fig 6.5
Huntington’s Disease
D=disease
d=normal
Neurological disease, symptoms begin
around 40 years old.
Huntington’s Disease
Mom = dd
Dad = Dd
Dad
D or d
d Dd
Mom or
d Dd
D=disease
d=normal
dd
dd
possible offspring
50% Huntington’s
50% Normal
Two different people:
One with Huntington’s disease = Dd Hh
One without Huntington’s disease = dd Hh
mate. What is the probability that their offspring
will have Huntington’s disease and sickle cell
anemia?
(Dd hh)
Two people:
One with Huntington’s disease = Dd Hh
One without Huntington’s disease = dd Hh
mate. What is the probability that their offspring will have
Huntington’s disease and sickle cell anemia?
Probability of each outcome:
Probability of Dd (Ddxdd) = .5
Probability of hh (HhxHh) = .25
Dd hh
Two people:
One with Huntington’s disease = Dd Hh
One without Huntington’s disease = dd Hh
mate. What is the probability that their offspring will have
Huntington’s disease and sickle cell anemia?
Dd hh
Probability of each outcome:
Probability of Dd (Ddxdd) = .5
Probability of hh (HhxHh) = .25
Multiply both probabilities .25 X.5 = 12.5%
chance Dd hh offspring
How do individuals and groups with
different genes arise?
Evolution…
Does it occur?
If so, how does
it occur?
Does evolution occur?
As DNA changes;
traits change.
Protein
Evolution: A species’ genetic component
changes as the individuals reproduce.
Evolution: A
species’ genetic
component
changes as the
individuals
reproduce.
These changes
are based on
how the DNA
changes and
who
reproduces.
Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Bacteria with mutation
causing resistance
O
O
O
Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Bacteria with mutation
causing resistance
O
O
O
Apply
antibiotic
X
O
O
O
X
X
O
X
X
X
O
O
X
X
O
X
X
O
O
O
O
Kills most bacteria.
Except if some have mutation
that allow them to be resistant.
Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Bacteria with mutation
causing resistance
O
O
O
Apply
antibiotic
O
X
O
O
O
X
X
O
X
X
X
O
O
X
X
O
X
X
O
O
O
O
Kills most bacteria.
Except if some have mutation
that allow them to be resistant.
Continues to
replicate
Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Bacteria with mutation
causing resistance
O
O
O
Apply
antibiotic
Continues to
replicate
O
X
O
O
X
O
O
O
O
Kills most bacteria.
Except if some have mutation
that allow them to be resistant.
X
O
O
X
X
O
X
X
X
O
O
X
X
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Population of resistant bacteria
Evolution: A
species’ genetic
component
changes as the
individuals
reproduce.
These changes
are based on
how the DNA
changes and
who
reproduces.