Transcript Document

Chp. 11 Genetics
Chp.11- 1
- Heredity
I. Heredity
A. the passing of traits/genes from
parent to child
II. Genetics
A. the study of heredity
B. the traits/characteristics of an organism
Heredity is
1. Passing of blood cells from
parent to child
83%
2. Passing of traits from
parent to child
3. Passing of the dominant
gene from parent to child
4. passing of the recessive
gene from parent to child
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Genetics refers to the
67%
1. Study of genes
2. Study of blood cells
3. Study of heredity
4. Study of where you
came from
17%
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0%
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III. Gregor Mendel
A. Austrian monk
B. known as the Father of genetics
C. did experiments in the mid 1800s
that led to the beginning of
genetics
1.
2.
used pea plants due to their fast
growth rate
self-pollination
a. the movement of male sex
organs to female sex organs on
the same plant to produce seeds
b. Generation
i. grandparents – 1st generation
ii. parents – 2nd generation
iii. children(you) – 3rd generation
c. P generation – the parents the were
crossed
3. Self-pollinated tall pea plants
a. most plants were tall, but some short
b. got curious so expanded research
c. continued self-pollination until all
plants were tall
4. found when transferred male parts of short stems to parts of
female short stem plants only short stem plants grew
a. the P generation were homozygous or purebred
true-breeding short stem
b. true breeding short stem
5. when crossing tall-stem plants w/ other tall plants
a. sometimes got all tall stem plants
1. the P generation were homozygous or purebred
2. true-breeding tall stem
b. sometimes got some tall & some short stem plants
1. the P generation were heterozygous or hybrid
2. not true-breeding
IV. F1 generation
A. cross-pollination
1. movement of male sex organs of one
plant to the female sex organs of a
different plant
B. Parent original plant
C. F = filial
1. means the son/daughter
2. 2nd generation or later
3. F1
a. First filial generation
4. F2
a. Second filial generation
The movement of male sex organs to female sex
organs on the same plant to produce seeds is
known as _____________.
50%
1. cross-pollination
33%
2. self-pollination
3. no pollination
17%
4. Any of the above
0%
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The movement of male sex organs to female sex
organs on different plants to produce seeds is
known as _____________.
100%
1. self-pollination
2. no pollination
3. cross-pollination
4. any of the above
0%
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V. Genes
A. Units of heredity
B. Two types
1. dominant
a. the stronger gene
b. represented by a capital letter
2. recessive
a. the weaker gene
b. represented by a lower case letter
C. Alleles
1. a form of a gene
2. examples – T, t, H, L, b
D.
Purebred
1. also known as homozygous or true-bred
2. when genes/alleles are alike
a. TT, tt, HH, ll
E. Hybrid
1. also known as heterozygous or nontruebred
2. when genes/alleles are not alike
a. Tt, Hh, Ll
F. Inheriting traits/genes
1. passed down from parent
a. one from each parent
2. if both parents are TT, then offspring will be TT
3. if both parents are tt, then offspring will be tt
4. if one parent is T and the other parent is t, there’s a 75%
chance the offspring will show dominant trait
The hidden gene is known as
67%
1. the recessive gene.
2. the dominant gene.
3. a factor.
4. any of the above
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These are represented by capital letters.
100%
1. A factor
2. An allele
3. A dominant gene
4. A recessive gene
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When Mendel crossed pure tall plants with short
plants, all the offspring were tall because the
gene for tallness was _____.
100%
1. recessive
2. dominant
3. a factor
4. sex-linked
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These are represented by a lower case letter.
80%
1. A factor
2. An allele
3. A dominant gene
4. A recessive gene
20%
0%
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0%
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True/false: Purebred and hybrid are the
same thing.
100%
1. True
2. False
0%
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2
True/false:
Heterozygous is represent like: Tt
80%
1. True
2. False
20%
1
2
A representation of a homozygous allele
pair would be:
1. Tt
33%
33%
33%
2. TT
3. tt
4. 1 & 2
5. 2 & 3
6. Any of the above
7. None of the above
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G. Law of segregation
1. states gene pairs separate during sex cell formation
this means 1 alleles from each pair will go to each
sex cell
H. Law of independent assortment
1. states that each gene pair for a trait is inherited
separately from each other trait
2. could get all dad’s traits or get all mom’s trait … one
trait does not affect the other when receiving
I.
Incomplete dominance
1. when neither gene/allele is neither dominant or
recessive
VI.
Punnett Square
A. used to explain the cross between 2 parents/traits
B. created by Reginold C. Punnett
C. example:
1. parent 1 - TT (tall) purebred/homozygous tall
2. parent 2 - tt(short) purebred/homozygous short
a. all F1 would be a hybrid tall
t
t
T
Tt
T
Tt
Tt
Tt
D. if you cross 2 F1 generations:
T
t
- 75% chance tall
- 25% chance short
T
TT
Tt
t
Tt
tt
- 50% purebred/homozygous
- 50% hybrid/heterozygous
- - 25% purebred tall
- - 25% purebred short
- - 50% hybrid tall
VII. Genotype & Phenotype
A. Genotype
1. an organism’s combination of genes/alleles for a
trait
2. tt, TT, Tt
B. Phenotype
1. the physical characteristic of what the trait will
look like
2. tall, short
VIII. Mendel’s conclusions
A. when Mendel studied other traits in pea plants he
realized traits were inherited the same way
B. Factors
1. info on a plant causing it to have certain traits
2. traits that are passed down from parent to
offspring
3. also known as a gene/allele
IX. Probability
A. The possibility that an event may occur
B. Is used to predict the results of genetics
crosses
C. Probability of one experiment does not affect
the results in the next experiment
1. Example
a. A coin toss – what are the
chances it will land on heads
i. 50% or 1 out of 2
ii. No matter how many times
you flip the coin it will
always have a 50% chance
of landing on heads
The model used to show the crossing of
traits is called____.
83%
1. Reginold’s Square
2. Punnett Square
3. Round Square
4. Anyone’s Square
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Parent pass traits to their
offspring through their
83%
1. blood
2. traits
3. factors
4. genes
17%
0%
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Having the alleles Bb would be and example of
_____.
67%
1. phenotype
33%
2. genotype
1
2
Coloring of the eyes is an
example of _____.
60%
1. genotype
40%
2. phenotype
1
2
assignment:
page 271 – review questions