Transcript Life Science NJ ASK Review

Life Science
NJ ASK Review
8th Grade Science
Animal vs. Plant Cell
• Determine the similarities and differences.
Animal
• Lysosomes
• Many small vacuoles
• Nucleus is usually in
the center
• Rounded
vs.
Plant
• Chloroplasts
• Mitochondria
• Ribosomes
• Cell Walls
• ER
• Rough
• One Large Central Vacuole
• Smooth
• Vacuoles
• Nucleus usually pushed to
• Nucleus
• Nuclear Membrane the side
• Cell Membrane
• Usually rectangular(ish)
• Cytoplasm
• Golgi Apparatus
What is a food chain?
• A food chain is “a sequence of organisms,
each of which uses the next, lower member of
the sequence as a food source1”
Important facts about food chains
• In a food chain each organism obtains energy
from the one at the level below.
• Plants are called producers because they
create their own food through photosynthesis
• Animals are consumers because they cannot
create their own food, they must eat plants or
other animals to get the energy that they
need.
Four types of consumer
• Herbivores: animals that eat only plants
• Carnivores: animals that eat only other
animals.
• Omnivores: animals that eat animals and
plants.
• Detritivores: Animals that eat dead materials
and organic wastes
Other Ways to Classify Consumers
1. Primary Consumers: Herbivores.
2. Secondary Consumers:
Carnivores that eat herbivores.
3. Tertiary Consumers:
Carnivores that eat other carnivores.
Identify the producer, one primary consumer, one secondary
consumer and a tertiary consumer.
Secondary Consumers
Tertiary Consumers
Primary Consumers
Producer
Hierarchy of Biological Classification
Six Kingdoms
Hierarchy of Biological Classification
An easy way to remember…
King = Kingdom
Philip = Phylum
Came = Class
Over = Order
For = Family
Good = Genus
Soup = Species
•
Which taxonomic group includes all the other groups?
Kingdom
•
Human beings are most closely related to other
animals that are in the same ________________.
Species
Organization of Living Organisms
Cells
-basic unit of an animal’s structure
-become specialized
_______________________________
Tissues
-made of cells that work together to perform a specific function
__________________________________________
Organs
-made of different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function
____________________________________________________
Organ Systems
-made of organs that work together to perform a specific function
_____________________________________________________________
Organisms
Genetics - What are traits?
• Physical Traits
– Can be seen by others
Eye color, hair color, height, left handed
– Examples:
• Acquired Traits
– Learned skills
– Examples: Playing a sport, riding a bike, playing a musical
instrument
• Behavioral Traits
– Instinctual actions
– Examples: Nest building and migration
• Genotype
Genetics
The genotype is the specific genetic makeup of an individual, usually
in the form of DNA. It codes for the phenotype of the individual.
• Phenotype
An individual’s observable traits. What people can SEE when
they look at you
• Allele
Different forms of a gene, which produce variations of a genetically
inherited trait.
• An individual with non-identical alleles of a gene is heterozygous for
that gene
– Examples: Bb, Tt, Aa
• An individual with identical alleles of a gene is homozygous
gene
– Examples: BB or bb, TT or tt
for that
Terms Used in Modern Genetics
• A genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor is called
dominant
• A genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant
factor is called recessive
• An allele is dominant if its effect masks the
effect of a recessive allele paired with it
– Capital letters (A) signify dominant alleles;
lowercase letters (a) signify recessive alleles
– Homozygous dominant (AA)
– Homozygous recessive (aa)
– Heterozygous (Aa)
Generation 1
B
B
b
b
In this case we have a dad with black fur and a mother with white fur. Because black is
the dominant gene, we write it with a capital ‘B’. White fur is a recessive trait. It is
written with a lowercase ‘b’. It does not matter what letter we choose to represent a
gene, but capital letter is always dominant and lowercase is always recessive.
Tongue Curling
T=can curl
T=cannot curl
T
t
T
T
Copy into your notebook and complete the Punnett’s Square.
What percentage of offspring will be able to curl their tongue?