Transcript LS ch. 8 surgeon_brooks

Surgeon Brooks
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Genetic Changes
Life Science Chapter 8
Mutations
1. Mutation = any change in
genetic material. Example:
Albinism - pigment
2. Mutations happen any time,
randomly
3. Mutations are mostly
harmful
4. Lethal mutations – cause
death before or after birth
Albinism
Types of Mutations
1. Gene Mutation = changes in the
sequence of bases
A. Produces wrong code in RNA
B. Sometimes no effect – eye
color mutates in a skin cell
C. Sometimes minor effect –
mole
D. Sometimes lethal
E. Example of a screw falling
into a clock!
Somatic & Germ mutations
1. Somatic Mutation = mutation in a
body cell - cells that do not make
gametes
2. Germ Mutation = occur in gametes
or cells that form gametes
A. Do not effect organism, but can
effect offspring
B. Most are recessive
C. After several generations,
possible to get mutated
trait
Chromosomal Changes
1. Defined: mutation involving the
number of chromosomes.
2. Small or large effect on organism
3. 2 set of chromosomes = diploid
4. Unusual number = ploidy
mutations
5. Down’s syndrome = ploidy
mutation. They have three sets on
the 21st chromosomes.
(47 instead of 46)
Down’s Syndrome
Seedless Watermelon
Japan’s Square watermelon?
Facets of Genetics: Human Disorders
1. Carrier = has gene but does not express
the trait
2. Queen Victoria & hemophilia =bleeder’s
disease, found in 1 in 10,000 males (sexlinked)
3. Duchene = type of muscular dystrophy
(sex-linked)
4. Cystic Fibrosis = affects mucous and sweat
glands (recessive)
5. Tay Sachs =lack enzyme that breaks down
fatty substances (recessive)
6. Malignant hyperthermia – high fever under
anestheia (dominant gene)
7. Achondroplasia = arms
and legs do not grow properly (dominant)
Tay Sachs Disease
Malignant Hyperthermia
Scientist experiment on a
dog to help humans
Duchene’s Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
8B Applied Genetics
1. Some produce unusual traits that
are beneficial
2. We then will breed to preserve the
trait
3. Example Ancon sheep & Mink
Mink
Ancon Sheep
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Applied Genetics
1. Selection – Jacob’s flock in OT
A. Selective breeding Breed selected
traits
(plants – corn example, p.114)
B. Inbreeding is mating an
organism with its close relatives –
goal is for pure breed with desirable
traits (Animal – chickens, Plant = selfpollination)
C. Many new breeds began
from
plants or animals that mutated
Cross Breeding
1.Involves breeding individuals with
different traits to produce offspring
different from both parents
2. Hybrid vigor = offspring stronger than
parents.
3. Hybrids produce different offspring
4. Takes many years to get hybrids to
produce offspring alike (ex: shorthorn
cattle – good meat, Brahams cattle –
like cold)
5. Sometimes with breed organisms from
different groups
a) doesn’t work with animals
b) successful w/ plants (tangelos)
Tangerine + Grapefruit = Tangelo
The New Genetics
1. Genetic engineering = use of
special techniques to control the
genetic makeup
We…
A. Isolate genes and transfer
them to other cells
B. create super crops like frost
resistant tomatoes
C. could form a disease
that could destroy
many things
Tomatoes….
Human Genetic Engineering
1. Human genetics – 2 views
A. We are made in the image of
God, precious creation.
B. We have the God-given ability
to learn and direct our lives.
2. Not good or bad alone
3. Is science qualified to answer the
moral questions that genetic
engineering raises?
4. Would a genetically engineered
human race solve
our problems?
Facets of Genetics
1. Human Genome Project = map all
human genes! We did it!
2. Identical twins = sperm + ovule
= zygote. Zygote then divides and
forms two identical individuals.
(Clones)
3. Fraternal Twins = 2 sperm + 2
ovules = 2 zygotes. Born at the
same time but genetically
different. Can be 2 girls or
2 boys, or one of each!
Identical or Fraternal Twins
Identical Twins
Identical Twins
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Fraternal Twins
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