Transcript CGAP
Understanding Cancer and Related Topics Understanding CGAP Expression Profiles, cDNAs, ESTs, and Microarrays Developed by: Susan Greenhut, M.S. Donna Kerrigan, M.S. Jeanne Kelly Brian Hollen Explains how the Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP) studies the molecular changes that occur in cancer genomes and shares this information with all scientists. The information in NCI’s CGAP databases is being used to improve the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. These PowerPoint slides are not locked files. You can mix and match slides from different tutorials as you prepare your own lectures. In the Notes section, you will find explanations of the graphics. The art in this tutorial is copyrighted and may not be reused for commercial gain. Please do not remove the NCI logo or the copyright mark from any slide. These tutorials may be copied only if they are distributed free of charge for educational purposes. Once a Molecular Black Box Today an Open Box Growth factors Hormones Cytoplasm Nucleus Enter CGAP NCI’s Program to Study Molecular Changes in Cancer Year 0 Normal cell Year 3 Year 6 Year 10 Molecular changes Cancer cell CGAP Studies Genomes Human cell Nucleus Cytoplasm Chromosomes DNA Molecules The Building Blocks of the Genome DNA molecule (chromosome) Chemical bases A C T G Genes Functional Regions Within DNA Molecules Gene 1 Noncoding region Gene 2 Noncoding region Gene 3 Genes “Switch On” C G G A mRNA G C C U G C C T Section of switched-on gene Gene to mRNA to Protein Cell nucleus Ribosome Growing protein chain mRNA Unique protein Cancer – Genes With Design Problems Cell nucleus Alteration mRNA No protein Too much protein Shortened protein Protein with a spelling mistake Normal amount of protein Expression Profiles Breast Tissue, Normal Prostate Tissue, Normal Expression Profiles in Cancer Prostate Tissue, Normal Prostate Tissue, Cancer Here is one simplified example in prostate tissue of how a normal cell might differ from a cancerous one. Measuring Expression Profiles Step 1. Isolating the mRNA Stationary support mRNA polyA polyT Test tube Measuring Expression Profiles Step 2. Converting mRNA into cDNA Test tube mRNA Measuring Expression Profiles Step 3. Converting the cDNA into a cDNA Library cDNA inserted into plasmid E. coli bacterium cDNA library Measuring Expression Profiles Step 4. Isolating Each Bacterium cDNA library Measuring Expression Profiles Step 5. Identifying the Clones EST Sequences Database Active Gene to EST EST Sequences Database mRNA Stationary support polyA polyT CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the Lab Gene Analysis and Gene Discovery Then Now New gene EST Database CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the Lab Understanding More About Cancer Biology I CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the Lab Understanding More About Cancer Biology II CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the Lab Understanding More About Cancer Biology III CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the Lab Understanding More About Cancer Biology IV CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the Clinic Understanding More About Cancer Biology Prostate Tissue, Normal Prostate Tissue, Cancer Genes mRNAs cDNAs Glass slide Prostate-Specific Microarray CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the Clinic Step 1. Microarrays in Diagnosis Fluorescent dye mRNAs mRNAs Patient 1 Patient 2 Prostate-Specific Microarrays CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the Clinic Step 2. Microarrays in Diagnosis Patient 1 Patient 2 CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the Clinic Step 3. Microarrays in Diagnosis Patient 1 Patient 2 Patient 1 No cancer Patient 2 Cancer Prostate Expression Profiles CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the Clinic Differentiating Between Cancers with Similar Clinical Symptoms CGAP Helps Scientists, Clinicians, and Patients We would like to hear from you . . . If you have questions about this tutorial’s content, suggestions for new topics, or other feedback on the Web site, please send an e-mail to [email protected]. If you have questions about this tutorial’s artwork or want permission to use it, please send an e-mail to [email protected].