Transcript Chapter 10 Notes (Blood Typing)

CV system
Ch 10 Blood and Genetics
 PPT 2

Genetics Vocabulary
Gene- inherited unit, determines traits
Allele- copy of gene
Dominant- allele, capital letter, “A”
Recessive- allele, lower case letter, “a”
Genetics
Homozygous- 2 same alleles, “AA” “aa”
Heterozygous- 2 diff. alleles, “Aa”
Genotype- alleles “AA” “Aa” “aa”
Phenotype- physical expression of genotype
Punnett square- tool to figure out probability
of possible offspring
Human ABo Blood Typing
RBC’s contain proteins called antigens
(agglutinogens)(Ag) on their surface
Blood type is determined by which Antigen
is present on the surface of the RBC
2 Ag’s =
A , B
Human ABo Blood Typing
Blood types have proteins called
antibodies (agglutinins) (Ab’s) in
the plasma opposite of antigens
present
2 Ab’s
=
anti-A , anti-B
Human ABo Blood Typing
Codominance- two alleles equally dominant
Multiple alleles- more than 2 alleles for a
gene or trait
3 alleles
IA IB both dominant
i (recessive for type O)
Human ABo Blood Groups
Blood type(phenotype) genotypes
______________________________
A
IAIA, IAi
B
IBIB, IBi
AB
IAIB
O
ii
Blood types
Ag’s present
Ab’s
present
(phenotype)__________________________________
A
A
anti-B
B
B
anti-A
AB
A and B
none
O
None
anti-A
and
anti-B
Ex blood typing problem
Heterozygous A woman and homozygous
B man have children, what are genotypes
and phenotypes of children?
Parents
IAi
IBIB
Offspring G: 1/2 IAIB and 1/2 IBi
P: 1/2 type AB blood, 1/2 type B blood
Blood Transfusions
Universal donor- Type O, no Ag’s, both
Ab’s (no antigens for other blood types to recognize
(”its invisible  to other blood types)
Universal recipient- Type AB, no Ab’s,
both Ag’s (no antibodies to recognize other blood types introduced)
Transfusion- transfer of organ or blood
from donor to recipient
Blood transfusions
Ab’s(antibodies) agglutinate with Ag’s
(antigens) if wrong blood type given in a
transfusion
Transfusion reaction (bad) = agglutination
Hemolysis of RBC’s
Hemolysis: destruction
of RBCs
Rh Blood Typing
Another Ag on surface of RBC
= Rh+
Ab (antibodies against it) can be made if
negative blood (Rh -) is exposed to/mixed
with Rh+ antigen.
The Antibody is called anti-Rh+
2 alleles
Rh+ dominant
Rh- recessive
Rhesus monkey
Rh Blood typing
Phenotypes genotypes
_______________________________
+ blood
Rh+Rh+
Rh+Rh-blood
Rh-Rh-
Rh Blood Typing
Blood type Ag present
Ab
______________________________
+
Rh+
none
-
none
can make
anti-Rh+
Hemolytic disease of
the newborn
Rh Blood Typing and HDN
If Rh- blood mixed with Rh+ blood, then
person with Rh- blood makes anti-Rh+
against Rh+ blood!...leads to agglutination
When can this occur?
Transfusions and pregnancy
HDN
- mom, + dad, + baby
mom makes anti-Rh+
against Rh+ baby’s
blood
mom’s anti-Rh+ will attack next +
baby’s blood resulting in HDN
Treatment for HDN
Anti-anti-Rh (anti-Rho) given to mom
to bind with her anti-Rh+
instead of it binding to
baby’s Rh+ Ag
Ex Rh factor problem
Heterozygous + woman and - man have
children, what are genotypes and
phenotypes of children?
Parents Rh+Rh-
Rh-Rh-
Offspring G: 1/2 Rh+Rh-, 1/2 Rh-RhP: 1/2 + blood, 1/2 - blood
Review…so far…
Blood Types?
 Universal Donor? Universal Recipient?
 What is agglutination? Why does it occur?
 Genotypes for Rh +, Rh -?
 What is HDN? Why does it occur?

Blood Dihybrid Problem
ABo and Rh factor
Two
traits (Abo AND Rh factor)
Need to FOIL
Blood Dihybrid Problem
ABo and Rh factor
Homozygous type A, - blood man
Type AB and heterozygous + woman
Parents: (man) IAIARh-Rh-
(woman) IAIBRh+Rh-
FOIL…… (man) IARh- IARh-
IARh-
(woman) IARh+ IARh-
IBRh+
IARhIBRh-
Dihybrid Problem continued
Offspring
G: 4 IAIARh+Rh4 IAIARh-Rh4 IAIBRh+Rh4 IAIBRh-RhP: 4 A+
4A-
4AB+
4 AB-
Sex determination
2 Sex chromosomes :
Genotypes of:
X
(male) XY
Y
(female) XX
Sex linkage
Sex linked trait- recessive trait linked to
X chromosome (ex. hemophilia)
Ex. hemophilia
___= normal clotting,____= hemophilia
(on X chromosomes only)
Carrier- carries disease but doesn’t
express it, usually females
Alleles:
XH
Xh
Y
Sex linked hemophilia
Phenotype
genotype
_______________________________
Female, normal
XHXH
Female, normal but “carrier” XHXh
Female, hemophiliac
XhXh
Male, normal
X HY
Male, hemophiliac
XhY
Sex linked hemophilia
problem
Normal clotting woman and normal clotting
male have children some of whom have
hemophilia and some of whom are normal,
what are genotypes of parents?
Genotypes of parents: XHXh and XHY
Proof: children XHXH, XHY, XHXh- all normal
XhY- hemophiliac