Transcript Genetics Review PowerPoint

Second Quarter EOC Review
Remember!!!
All LIVING things need energy for
necessary life functions!!
Energy comes from the sun.
Producers capture light energy and store it
in food molecules.
Energy in food is broken down by cellular
respiration.
Energy in foods provide organisms the fuel
necessary for work such as reproduction.
Photosynthesis
 Plants are autotrophs (make
their own food)
 Occurs in chloroplast inside
leaf cells
 Chlorophyll is a green
pigment that absorbs
sunlight
 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
 Affected by light,
temperature and water
Organisms that Photosynthesize
Some Bacteria
Euglena (Protist)
Plant cell
Green Algae
(Protist)
All plants
Cellular Respiration
 Occurs in ALL LIVING
things
 Releases energy by
breaking down GLUCOSE
 Occurs in the
mitochondria
 C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
 Produces 36 ATP
 Plants go through cellular
respiration at night
2 Types of Cellular Respiration
1. Aerobic respiration – does require
oxygen
– Occurs in the mitochondria
– Produces more ATP than
Anaerobic Respiration
2. Anaerobic respiration- does NOT
require oxygen
-Occurs in the cytoplasm
2 Types of Anaerobic Respiration
1) Alcoholic fermentation
– Occurs in Yeast cells
– Produces CO2 & Alcohol
(2 ATP)
2) Lactic acid fermentation
– Occurs in Muscle cells
(strenuous activity)
– Occurs in bacteria cells
(used in making yogurt)
– Produces lactic acid
(2 ATP)
Cellular Respiration
Occurs in
cytoplasm
Glucose
Glycolysis
Occurs in
mitochondria
Krebs
Cycle
+
Oxygen
2 ATP
anaerobic
Electron
Transport
Chain
32 ATP
2 ATP
Carbon
dioxide
=
+
Water
+
36 ATP
aerobic
Comparing Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration
Function
Photosynthesis Cellular
Respiration
Stores Energy Energy release
Location
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Reactants
Carbon dioxide
and water
Glucose and
oxygen
Glucose and
oxygen
Carbon dioxide
and water
Products
Photosynthesis &
Cellular Respiration
• Balances CO2 in the ecosystem
The Cell Theory
1. All LIVING things are made up of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of life.
3. New cells come from existing cells.
Asexual Reproduction
• Production of offspring
by a single parent
• Offspring are
genetically identical
• Process -Mitosis
(asexual reproduction of
body cells)
• Five types:
1) Binary Fission
2) Budding
3) Regeneration
4) Sporulation
5) Vegetative Sporulation
Types of Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission
Sporulation
Budding
Vegetative Propagation
Regeneration
Sexual Reproduction
• Two parent cells join
together to form a new
individual
– Sex cells (sperm & egg)
produced by meiosis
(Meiosis= reproduction cells)
– Fertilization – combining of
sex cells
• Offspring are different
from parents
• Occurs in worms, insects,
amphibians, plants and
mammals
Sexual Reproduction
Types of Fertilization
1) Internal Fertilization:
 Occurs inside females
body
 Example: reptiles, birds,
and most land animals
2) External Fertilization:
 Occurs outside the
females body
 Example: Frogs and Fish
Types of Development
1) Internal Development:
 Occurs inside females body
 Example: most land animals and
dolphins
2) External Development:
 Occurs outside the females body
 Example: Frogs and Fish
Asexual
Reproduction
Sexual
Reproduction
Starts with one cell Starts with two
cells
One cell splits to
form two new cells
Two cells combine
to form new
organism
New cells are
New organism is
genetically identical genetically
to parent cell
different from
parent cells
-Reproduction for
unicellular organisms
-Growth and development
for multicellular organisms
-Involves
production and
fusion of gametes
THE CELL CYCLE
 Series of events that cells
go through as they grow
and divide
 Consists of four phases:
– G1 PHASE – CELL GROWTH
– S PHASE – CHROMOSOME
REPLICATION
– G2 PHASE – PREPARATION
FOR MITOSIS
– M PHASE – MITOSIS AND
CYTOKINESIS
Mitosis
o Asexual reproduction
o DNA condenses into
chromosomes
o Cells are Diploid (2N)
“have paired chromosomes”
o Four phases of Mitosis:
(Hint: PMAT)
1st P= Prophase
2nd M= Metaphase
3rd A= Anaphase
4th T= Telophase
Meiosis
Sexual reproduction
Two cell divisions
(Meiosis I and Meiosis II)
 Produces four haploid (N) cells
“chromosomes unpaired”
Produces gametes
“sperm & egg cells”
Crossing Over Increases
genetic variation
Lets Compare Meiosis to Mitosis!!
• Mitosis
• Starts with diploid
cell
• One nuclear division
• Ends with two diploid
cells (2N)
• Asexual reproduction
• Produces body cells
• Meiosis
• Starts with diploid
cell
• Two nuclear divisions
• Ends with four
haploid cells (N)
• Sexual reproduction
• Produces gametes
GENETICS
Mendelian Genetics
 Punnett squares- used to show
probability in genetic crosses
 Probability – chance of an event
happening
 Simple traits governed by two
alleles
 Alleles – alternate forms of a gene
(AKA: LETTERS)
Dominant allele= CAPITAL LETTERS
Recessive allele= lowercase letters
(Dominant masks recessive)
 Genotype – genetic make up
(letters)
Homozygous – same alleles (AA)
Heterozygous – different alleles (Aa)
 Phenotype – organism’s physical
appearance (looks)
EXAMPLE: Brown Hair or Blue Eyes

Test Cross: Always homozygous recessive
Monohybrid Cross
(one set of traits)
B
B
b
BB
Bb
 In guinea pigs, black fur
is dominant to white fur.
 Cross two heterozygous
Black guinea pigs.
Parents: Bb x Bb
• Genotypic Ratio:
1 BB: 2 Bb: 1 bb
b
Bb
bb
• Phenotypic Ratio:
3 black: 1 white
Remember!!
• NOT ALL traits follow Mendel’s Law of
dominance.
• These are complex inheritance patterns.
Incomplete dominance
Codominance
Multiple alleles
Polygenic Inheritance
Incomplete Dominance
(BOTH genes BLEND)
Four O'clock flowers
Alleles:
Key:
R = Red
RR = Red
W = White
RW = Pink
WW = White
In Four O'clock Plants
• One allele is not
completely dominant
over the other
• Both alleles are partially
expressed
• Produces a 3rd
phenotype (Pink)
Remember: Capital letters only,
NO recessive letters
Image from: http://www.gwu.edu/~darwin/BiSc150/One/rose.GIF
Incomplete Dominance
Cross two pink-flowered plants
Parents: RW X RW
R
R
W
RR
RW
W
RW
WW
Genotypic Ratio:
1 RR: 2 RW: 1 WW
Phenotypic Ratio:
1 Red: 2 Pink: 1 White
Codominance
Both traits are expressed at the same time
(NO BLENDING)
• Both alleles are
completely expressed
• Results in a 3rd phenotype
(checkered)
• In chickens:
– Black and White alleles are
both dominant
• In blood groups:
– Alleles IA and IB are
codominant
Remember: Capital letters only, NO
recessive letters
Image from: http://www.harvestofhistory.org/assets/object-images/main/dominique.jpg
Codominance
Cross a black chicken (B) with a white chicken (W)
Parents: BB
B
W
BW
X WW
B
BW
Genotype:
4 BW
Phenotype:
W
BW
BW
4 Checkered Chickens
Multiple Alleles
Four Human Blood Groups
Image from: http://science.uwe.ac.uk/research/uploads/CRIB_blood_cells.jpg
Determined by three alleles (IA, IB, & i)
 Types A, B, AB, O
• Type A:
IA IA (homozygous dominant) or
IAi (heterozygous dominant)
• Type B:
IB IB (homozygous dominant) or
IBi (heterozygous dominant)
• Type AB:
IA IB (Codominant)
• Type O:
ii (only recessive blood group)
Multiple Alleles:
Cross a heterozygous type A person (IAi) with a
heterozygous type B (IBi) person
Parents: IAi X
IA
IB
IAIB
i
IB i
IBi
Genotypic Ratio:
1 IAIB
1 IAi
1 IBi
i
IAi
ii
1 ii
Phenotypic Ratio:
1 Type AB
1 Type A
1 Type B
1 Type O
Multiple Alleles:
Cross a male type O person (ii) with a female type AB (IAIB) person
Parents: ii X IA IB
i
IA
IB
IAi
IBi
i
IAi
IB i
Genotypic Ratio:
2 IAi
2 IBi
Phenotypic Ratio:
2 Type A
2 Type B
Polygenic Inheritance
• Determined by more than
one gene (A, B, C, D)
• Results in a broad range of
phenotypes
– AABBCCDD – darkest (dominant)
– AaBbCcDd – intermediate
– aabbccdd – lightest (recessive)
• Examples:
– Skin color, eye color, height
– Forms bell shape when graphed
– Intermediates are more
common
Human Heredity
Human Chromosomes
(one chromosome from mom and one from dad)
• Karyotype – A picture of
a person’s chromosomes
 Shows genetic disorders
 Shows gender
• In humans
 1st -22nd pairs are called
autosomes
 23rd pair are called sex
chromosomes
 Sex chromosomes are
XY – males (BOY)
(one large, one small)
XX – females
Image from: www.bioteach.ubc.ca
(two matching large)
Karyotypes
Normal Male
Normal Female
Pedigree
(used to trace traits)
Look at the Pedigree and see if you can find
the pictures that are represented on the Key
Image from:
www.uihealthcare.com/.../images/pedigree.jpg
Key
Who are siblings?
Who is married?
-Sara, Joe, and Jim
-Tim and Lori
-Tom and Sue
-Jim and Kay
Who is affected with a trait? Who is unaffected?
Sue, Joe, Jim and Tim
Tom, Sara, Jeri,
Lori, and Kay
Autosomal Recessive Alleles
“Defect on chromosomes 1-22”
•Lack of pigment
•Lack an enzyme
necessary to
break down
Phenylalanine
•Accumulation of mucus in
the lungs
Albinism, Cystic Fibrosis,
PKU, and Tay Sachs
•Nervous tissue
deterioration
Dominant Alleles disorder
“one dominant allele needed to be expressed”
•Deterioration of brain and nervous
system
•Heads and limbs
not proportional
to body torso
Achondroplasia and
Huntington's Disease
Chromosomal disorders
“caused by nondisjunctions; chromosomes fail to separate”
•Extra
21st
chromosome
•Female missing
one X chromosome
•Male has an extra X
chromosome
Down Syndrome, Turners, and Kleinfleters
Chromosomal Disorders
Karyotype
Down Syndrome
Kleinfleters Syndrome
Turners Syndrome
Sickle-Cell Disease
(Both alleles are equally expressed)
•
•
•
•
Caused by codominant alleles
– S - sickle blood
– N – normal blood
More common in African Americans
Heterozygotes(NS) in Africa
are immune to Malaria
Clumping of blood cells
N
S
N
NN
NS
S
NS
SS
Sex-linked Genes
• Found on sex chromosomes
(Only on the X chromosome)
• More often expressed
in males than females
**Why? Because males
inherit the X
chromosome from their
mother
Example:
• Colorblindness
• Hemophilia
Image from: http://www.phschool.com/atschool/science_activity_library/images/red_green_colorblind.jpg
Sex-Linked Genes
Color blindness
•Individuals have a hard time distinguishing
between colors
Hemophilia
•Individuals lack clotting factor in blood
Biology – Second Quarter
Review
NC DPI
Sample EOC Questions
http://www.dpi.state.nc.us/accountability/testing/eoc/sampleite
ms/5
1.Cellular respiration is carried out by
which of the following?
A. all living organisms all of the time
B. animals but not plants
C. animals all of the time but plants
only at night
D. heterotrophs but not autotrophs
2. Two students set up the following apparatus in a lab. A pipette was
filled with a mixture of yeast and apple juice and inverted in a test tube
filled with warm water. The students observed bubbles being released
from the end of the pipette.
Which of the following most likely represents the gas being released?
A. carbon dioxide
B. hydrogen peroxide
C. oxygen
D. nitrogen
3. Which of the following processes
releases the most ATP per molecule of
glucose for immediate cell use?
A.
B.
C.
D.
aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
chemosynthesis
photosynthesis
4. Which statement is true regarding
asexual reproduction as a method of
producing offspring?
A. common among mammals
B. not a method used by plants
C. produces offspring that are
genetically identical
D. limited to unicellular organisms
5. Which process is responsible for the
diversity of plants within a species?
A.
B.
C.
D.
cross-pollination
transpiration
self-fertilization
photosynthesis
6. Which of the following demonstrates the
most significant difference between asexual
and sexual reproduction?
A. The chromosome number is reduced
during asexual reproduction.
B. The number of chromosomes is
reduced during sexual reproduction.
C. The appearance of the organism is
changed as a result of asexual
reproduction.
D. There is genetic variation as a result
of sexual reproduction.
7. What is true about any two normal
gametes from a human male parent?
A. Each has a diploid number of
chromosomes.
B. They can combine to form a new
organism.
C. Their chromosomes are exactly
the same.
D. They have the same number of
chromosomes.
8. A cell has undergone a meiotic
division cycle. In order for the cell to
achieve a diploid state, what must
occur?
A.
B.
C.
D.
cleavage
fertilization
meiosis
mitosis
9. A human skin cell contains 46
chromosomes. How many
chromosomes are present in a human
sperm cell?
A. 23
B. 46
C. 92
D. 138
10. Some traits are determined by
more than two alleles. If aabbcc is
crossed with AABBCC, what would be
the genotype of the offspring?
A.
B.
C.
D.
AaBbCc
AABBCC
aabbcc
aaAAbbBBccCC
11. In a genetics laboratory, two
heterozygous tall plants are crossed. If
tall is dominant over short, what are the
expected phenotypic results?
A.
B.
C.
D.
100% tall
75% tall, 25% short
50% tall, 50% short
25% tall, 75% short
12. Mr. Jones has blood type A and Mrs.
Jones has blood type AB. What is the
probability that they will have a child with
blood type A if both of Mr. Jones’s
parents were AB?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0%
25%
50%
100%
13. Color blindness is a sex-linked recessive
trait. A mother with normal color vision and a
color blind father have a color blind daughter.
Which of the following statements is correct?
A. All of their daughters will be color blind.
B. The mother is a carrier of the color blindness gene
C. All of their sons will have normal color vision.
D. All of their sons will be color blind.
14. In sickle cell anemia, the
heterozygous condition results in
resistance to malaria. If two
heterozygous parents have a child, what
are the chances of that child being
resistant to malaria but not having sickle
cell anemia?
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 75%
D. 100%
15. In guinea pigs, the allele for rough
coat (R) is dominant to the allele for
smooth coat (r). A rough coat male and
a smooth coat female mate. They
produce several litters, of which 50%
are rough coat and 50% are smooth
coat. What were the genotypes of the
parents?
A. RR × rr
B. Rr × rr
C. RR × Rr
D. Rr × Rr
16. Which genotype is used in a test
cross?
A. homozygous dominant
B. heterozygous dominant
C. homozygous recessive
D. heterozygous recessive
17. After performing amniocentesis,
which analysis is most often used to
determine the chromosomal condition
of a developing fetus?
A.
B.
C.
D.
blood type
DNA sequence
genetic marker
karyotype
18. When viewing a karyotype to detect
genetic disorders, which of the following
would be a concern?
A. different chromosomes of different
lengths
B. two X chromosomes
C. twenty-three pairs of chromosomes
D. three chromosomes in any one set
19. Albinism is a genetic mutation that results in
some animals being born without the
enzyme that produces the pigment for skin
and eye color. Which of the following best
explains this mutation?
A. The DNA failed to replicate.
B. The deoxyribose sugar became
separated from the DNA.
C. The genetic code change caused the
wrong protein to form.
D. The RNA necessary to produce
proteins was not present.
20. A student has cystic fibrosis, a genetic condition
caused by the presence of a homozygous recessive
gene. What could be her parent’s genotypes for the
cystic fibrosis trait?
A. Her father is homozygous dominant; her mother is homozygous
recessive.
B. Her father is heterozygous; her mother is homozygous dominant.
C. Her father is homozygous dominant; her mother is homozygous
dominant.
D. Her father is heterozygous; her mother is homozygous recessive.
21. The bacteria that cause tetanus
can survive in a puncture wound that
has healed on the outer surface of the
skin. Through what process do these
bacteria acquire the energy they need
to survive?
A. aerobic respiration
B. anaerobic respiration
C. chemosynthesis
D. photosynthesis
22. In terms of ATP production,
which process results in the most
stored energy?
A. aerobic respiration
B. anaerobic respiration
C. fermentation
D. photosynthesis
23. Which statement best distinguishes
aerobic from anaerobic respiration?
A. Only aerobic respiration involves
fermentation.
B. Only anaerobic respiration occurs
in the mitochondria.
C. Only aerobic respiration requires
oxygen.
D. Only anaerobic respiration produces
carbon dioxide.
24. Which most accurately describes the difference in ATP
production between aerobic respiration and anaerobic
respiration?
A. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than
anaerobic respiration.
B. Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP than
aerobic respiration.
C. Only anaerobic respiration produces measurable
amounts of ATP.
D. Anaerobic and aerobic respiration produce the
same amount of ATP.
25. Before a cell goes through either
mitosis or meiosis, which process
must be carried out by the DNA in
the nucleus?
A. replication
B. nondisjunction
C. transcription
D. translation
26. Sexual reproduction provides for what
to occur?
A. cloning
B. budding
C. genetic stability
D. genetic variation
27. Which term best describes the type
of cell division in which parent cells
produce daughter cells with the same
number of chromosomes as the
parent cells?
A. mitosis
B. meiosis
C. spermatogenesis
D. oogenesis
28. What is the primary cause of
variation in the offspring of
sexually reproducing organisms?
A. cytoplasmic division
B. environmental changes
C. mutation
D. recombination of alleles
29. Which is responsible for most
genotypic and phenotypic variation
among humans?
A. meiosis
B. budding
C. mitosis
D. regeneration
30. In genetics research, what is the
purpose of a test cross?
A. to determine the phenotypes of
the parents
B. to determine the genotypes of the
parents
C. to determine whether or not two
parents could produce viable
offspring
D. to determine how many offspring
can be produced by two parents
31. Most sex-linked, recessive traits–including hemophilia
and colorblindness–appear in males. This phenomenon
is best explained by which statement?
A. Males have an X chromosome with dominant genes.
B. Most of the genes on the X and Y chromosomes of
males are recessive.
C. In males, the recessive sex-linked genes appear only on
the Y chromosome.
D. In males, the Y chromosome lacks the genes needed to
mask the recessive genes on the X chromosome.
32. A karyotype of a human female shows
that she has only one sex chromosome.
Which genotype would represent her
genetic condition?
A. XO
B. XXX
C. XY
D. XYY
That was 