Transcript October 17, Social Theories

PEARLIN - STRESS PROCESS
STRESSORS
MEDIATORS
OUTCOME
DIFFERENCES WITH SRRS
STRESS PROCESS
• 1. MUST LOOK AT CONTEXT AND
MEANING
DIMENSIONS OF STRESSFUL
LIFE EVENTS
•
•
•
•
DESIRED VS. NOT DESIRED
UNEXPECTED VS. EXPECTED
PREEXISTING CONTEXT OF EVENT
POST-EVENT CONTEXT
STRESS PROCESS (CONT.)
• 2. EVENTS NOT ISOLATED BUT
INTERCONNECTED
• STRESS PROLIFERATION - PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY STRESSORS
• 3. EMPHASIZES SOCIAL ROLES OVERLOAD, CONFLICT, CAPTIVITY
NEW CATEGORIES OF
STRESSORS (WHEATON)
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•
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1. CHRONIC STRESSORS
2. LIFETIME TRAUMAS
3. DAILY HASSLES
4. DISASTERS
MEDIATORS
• WHY SOME PEOPLE WITH FEW
STRESSORS HAVE HIGH DISTRESS
(VULNERABILITY)
• WHY SOME PEOPLE WITH MANY
STRESSORS HAVE LOW DISTRESS
(RESILIENCE)
MEDIATORS (TURNER)
• SOCIAL RESOURCES
• 1. SUPPORT - SENSE OF BEING CARED
FOR, BELONGING, WANTED
• ONE INTIMATE
• STRONG FAMILY TIES, RELIGION
• 2. MATERIAL SUPPORT
SOCIAL COMPARISON
• STRESSFULNESS DEPENDS ON
REFERENCE GROUP
• INCOME
• QUADRIPLEGICS
• DOWNWARD COMPARISONS BETTER
THAN UPWARD COMPARISONS
CONTROL
• ACTIVE COPING BETTER THAN
PASSIVE COPING (MASTERY VS.
FATALISM)
OUTCOMES
• STANDARDIZED SCALES OF
DISTRESS LIKE CES-D
• GENERAL NOT DIAGNOSTIC
• CONTINUOUS – FROM MILD TO
SEVERE
TREATMENT
• ONLY THEORY WITH NO DIRECT
TREATMENT ASPECT
• CHANGE ENVIRONMENT
• MUCH DISTRESS TRANSIENT (9-11)
• IMPORTANCE OF INFORMAL
SUPPORT
STRENGTHS OF SOCIAL
• BETTER AT EXPLAINING DISTRESS
THAN PARTICULAR MENTAL
ILLNESSES
• BETTER AT LOOKING AT GROUP,
RATHER THAN AT INDIVIDUAL,
DIFFERENCES
• EMPHASIS ON EXTERNAL AND
CURRENT CAUSES OF DISTRESS
CRITICISMS OF SOCIAL
• IGNORES HOW MENTAL SYMPTOMS
ARE DEEPLY ROOTED IN
INDIVIDUALS NOT SITUATIONS
• NOT SO GOOD FOR EXPLAINING
MOST SERIOUS TYPES OF MENTAL
ILLNESS
• UNSPECIFIC TREATMENT
COMPONENT
STRENGTHS OF
PSYCHODYNAMIC
• DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECT
• PEOPLE ARE OFTEN IRRATIONAL
• IMPACT ON CHILD REARING AND
SEXUALITY
WEAKNESSES OF PD
• UNSCIENTIFIC - UNOBSERVABLE AND
UNFALSIFIABLE
• OVEREMPHASIZES EARLY
CHILDHOOD, UNDEREMPHASIZES
ADAPTABILITY
• RESISTANCE TO MEDICATIONS
• HISTORICALLY AND CULTURALLY
SPECIFIC
WEAKNESSES OF PA THERAPY
• IMPRACTICAL – LONG AND
EXPENSIVE
• CULTURALLY-SPECIFIC
• DOESN’T WORK WITH MOST
SERIOUSLY ILL
STRENGTHS OF BIOLOGY
• BEST FOR PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS
• MORE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN
• ADVANCES IN DRUG TREATMENTS
FOR MANY CONDITIONS
1. OVERSTATEMENTS
• MOST CONVINCING FOR PSYCHOSES
• LESS EVIDENCE FOR OTHERS
• ARE BRAIN STATES CAUSES OR
EFFECTS OF M.I.?
• CAUSES CAN BE SOCIAL OR PSYCH
AS WELL AS BIOLOGICAL
2. GENES NOT DESTINY
• ONLY A MINORITY OF PEOPLE WITH
GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY DEVELOP
DISORDER
• OFTEN NEED ENVIRONMENTAL
PRECIPITANT
• ENVIRONMENT CAN SUPPRESS MORMONS AND ALCOHOLISM
3. WHAT DOES A GENE DO?
• DIFFERENCE OF GENOTYPE AND
PHENOTYPE (APPEARANCE)
• E.G. ANOREXIA
• CULTURE CAN SHAPE PHENOTYPE
• GENES MAY HAVE GENERAL, NOT
SPECIFIC, EFFECTS
4. MOST M.I. NOT GENETIC
• MOST PEOPLE WHO GET A DISORDER
DO NOT HAVE GENETIC PROPENSITY
TO THE DISORDER
SCHIZ. IN DENMARK
• THOSE WITH 1ST DEGREE RELATIVES
HAVE 10x RATE OF SCHIZ
• BUT 90% OF PEOPLE WHO DO GET
SCHIZ HAVE NO SCHIZ RELATIVES
• FAR MORE PEOPLE HAVE NO FAMILY
HISTORY OF SCHIZ SO DESPITE
LOWER % PRODUCE MORE CASES
CONCLUSION
• GENES AND BRAINS ARE IMPORTANT
• BUT, FAR FROM THE ENTIRE STORY