Transcript 投影片 1 - cmcmurillo

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Think about…
3.1 What is bioethics?
3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Recall ‘Think about…’
Summary concept map
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Following the successful cloning of Dolly
the sheep and other mammals, humans
could possibly be cloned.
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This has started a debate about whether it
is right or wrong to clone a whole person.
There are different views on this issue.
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1
Why do people disagree on cloning a
What factors affect
whole person
their views on it
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2
Do you support the cloning of a
Why
whole person
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3.1 What is bioethics?
Bioethics (生物倫理學) is the
study of ethical issues
and implications brought
about by the advances
in the areas of biological
science and medicine.
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3.1 What is bioethics?
In favour human cloning
Human cloning is a new form
of human reproduction. It
enables infertile couples like
us to have children.
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3.1 What is bioethics?
In favour human cloning
Our son died in an accident. A
clone of our son may make up
for our loss.
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3.1 What is bioethics?
human cloning
Against
It is irresponsible to clone
humans when animal cloning
has such a low success rate.
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3.1 What is bioethics?
human cloning
Against
A clone is neither the child nor
the brother/sister of the nucleus
donor. The identity of the clone
is unclear.
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3.1 What is bioethics?
• values (價值觀) guide the way
people make their decisions
• values are affected by religion, culture
and past experiences, etc.
• one thing that benefits some people may
not be beneficial to others
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3.1 What is bioethics?
Bioethics is the study of ethical
issues and implications brought
about by the advances in the areas
of biological science and medicine.
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3.2 Some issues in
biotechnology
ethical issues
legal issues
social issues
economic issues
environmental issues
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Genetically modified food
• any food or food ingredient that comes
from genetically modified organisms
(GMOs)
GM tomatoes with
longer shelf life
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Genetically modified food
1 Safety issues
• long-term effects on
human health?
• new genes or their
products cause allergies?
• transferral of antibiotic resistance
genes produces ‘superbugs’?
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Genetically modified food
2 Ethical issues
• is it playing God?
• should vegetarians eat GM plants that
contain animal genes?
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Genetically modified food
3 Social and economic issues
• increases the dependence of food supply
on developed countries and affects the
living of farmers in developing countries
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Genetically modified food
4 Environmental issues
• GMOs may replace the wild types,
reduce biodiversity, or upset the
ecological balance
• produces ‘superweeds’
• speeds up the evolution
of resistant population
of pests
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In 1994, genetically modified tomatoes hit the market in
the US as the first commercially available genetically
modified crop. GM tomatoes have since disappeared.
Tomatoes were the first
genetically modified foods
to come on the market.
Today, they are no longer
cultivated.
Puree made from GM
tomatoes was once a
success in Great Britain.
The EU Member States,
however, could not agree
on approval.
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Cloning
• lack of genetic variations
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Cloning
1 Ethical issues
• low success rate
 death of embryos justified?
% survival
100
implantation
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0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
day of pregnancy
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Cloning
2 Economic issues
• worth investing the money?
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Cloning
3 Environmental issues
• clones of endangered animals will still
have no place to live
 spend money on habitat conservation
instead?
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Cloning
Human reproductive cloning
• clones are ‘unnatural’ ‘sub-humans’?
• relation of the clone with the nucleus
donor and the donor’s family?
• could the clone experience his/her own
life?
• cloning lowers the value of life?
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Cloning
Human reproductive cloning
Risk of abuse
• what happens if rich people use the
technology to produce servants?
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Cloning
Human reproductive cloning
Risk of abuse
• what happens if Adolf
Hitler clones himself?
• what happens if someone
allows only the ‘best’
people to be cloned?
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Human Genome Project
1 Ethical issues
• diagnosis of a genetic disease before
available treatment causes anxiety?
Oh no.
I’m sorry.
There is no
cure for the
disease.
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Human Genome Project
2 Legal issues
• who can own or gain access to personal
genetic information?
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Human Genome Project
2 Legal issues
• how can we prevent discrimination
against people with particular genotypes
and misuse of genetic information?
This man has a
high risk of
developing a fatal
genetic disease.
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Human Genome Project
2 Legal issues
• how can we prevent discrimination
against people with particular genotypes
and misuse of genetic information?
We’d better refuse
his insurance
application.
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Human Genome Project
2 Legal issues
• can the presence of a certain gene be
used as evidence to prove someone
guilty or innocent?
My client didn’t
do it. His gene
did it.
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Human Genome Project
3 Social issues
• how is the public perception of an
individual affected by his/her genetic
information?
Go! He has a
gene related to
violence.
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Human Genome Project
4 Economic issues
• can the same benefits be obtained from
less expensive alternatives?
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Gene therapy
1 Ethical issues
• when should gene therapy be used?
• acceptable for genetic enhancement?
May I change my eye colour
using gene therapy?
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Gene therapy
1 Ethical issues
• when should gene therapy be used?
• acceptable for genetic enhancement?
• is it playing God?
• causes unforeseeable harmful effects on
future generations?
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Gene therapy
2 Legal issues
• how can we obtain
informed consent from
seriously ill patients or
embryos?
• how can we prevent misuse of gene
therapy to produce a ‘perfect’ human
race?
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Gene therapy
3 Social issues
• widens the social class gap?
4 Economic issues
• right to invest a large sum of money
for the benefit of a few patients?
• any alternatives?
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Ethical issues of gene therapy
• Is it right to replace a 'defective' gene with a 'normal' one?
• Is the answer the same for a gene which causes the bearer
pain, as it is where the gene has a merely cosmetic effect?
• Who decides what is 'defective' and what is 'normal'? A
'defective' gene may actually confer some other advantage, e.g.
sickle cell gene.
• Is there a danger that we shall in time reduce the variety so
essential to evolution, by the progressive removal of unwanted
genes or, by combining genes from different species? are we
actually increasing variety and favouring evolution?
• Where a gene probe detects a fatal abnormality, what criteria, if
any, should be applied before deciding whether to carry out an
abortion?
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Stem cell therapy
1 Ethical issues
• human embryos are
destroyed to obtain
embryonic stem cells
 murder?
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3.2 Some issues in biotechnology
Stem cell therapy
2 Legal issues
• how can we ensure that the technique
would not be used in human
reproductive cloning?
3 Social issues
• the public become used to the destruction
of human life?
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1
Why do people disagree on cloning a
whole person? What factors affect their
views on it?
Values guide the way people make
their decision. Values are affected by
religion, culture and past experiences,
etc.
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1
Why do people disagree on cloning a
whole person? What factors affect their
views on it?
In addition, one thing that benefits
some people may not be beneficial to
others. Thus, people may disagree on
cloning a whole person.
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2
Do you support the cloning of a
whole person? Why?
Answers vary with students.
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Bioethics
study of ethical issues and
implications brought about by
the advances in the areas of
biological science
and medicine
includes
biotechnology
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biotechnology
raises
ethical
issues
legal
issues
social
issues
economic
issues
environmental
issues
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