Transcript Unit 7_Book Three

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Unit 8 Nature and Nurture
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Part One Teaching Objectives
Students will be able to:
• know something about Nature & Nurture;
• grasp the main idea and structure of the text;
• master the key language points and
grammatical structures in the text;
• conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking
and writing activities centered upon the theme
of the unit.
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Part Two Preparation
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• Task 1: Nature? – Spotting out the truth!
• Task 2: Nurture? – Why was Einstein so clever?
• Task 3: Explanation – Like father, like son?
• Task 4: Nature or Nurture? – Talking about twins
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Common
sense
and
personal experience tend to
suggest that nature and
nurture are both important,
each having a greater or lesser
effect, depending both on the
complexity of the gene and
the
conditions
of
the
environment.
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Nature & Nurture
• Nature: everything a person inherits genetically
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• Nurture: home environment; the parental
influences on the children, e.g.
family influence
peer influence
educational experiences
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Task 1 Nature?
Spotting out the truth!
Directions: Decide which of the statements are scientifically correct.
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Your
The
genes
need
have
to wear
a strong
glasses
enough
iscarried
noteffect
genetic.
on
the
percentage
of
body
fat
by
Your
eating
habits
areinfluence
governedonbyour
your a
Genes
have
great
your
Most
height
shortsightedness
for you
to be is
able
ismore
caused
to predict
by
middle-aged
woman
determined
genes.
would
be as pain.
easy This
to change
abilityIt to
withstand
seemsyour
to
what
environmental
height
influences
children
as using
should
bythe
heradult
genes
thanofbyyour
dietsuch
or exercise.
be much
less
related
totoour
dining
habits
as
it
would
change
yourprint.
be computers
if they are given
or reading
a good
a lots
diet.of small
experiences while we are growing up.
breathing!
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Task 2 Nurture?
Why was Einstein so clever?
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Listen to a passage about Einstein and answer questions:
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1. Was there something special about Einstein’s brain?
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Scientists have found that the part of his brain that has to
do with visual imaging and mathematical thinking was
enlarged.
2. Are there any other factors that helped nurture this genius?
Einstein had a very supportive and encouraging
environment in which to grow up.
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Task 2 Nurture!
Genius without education is like silver in the mine.
Benjamin Franklin
未受教育的天才，犹如矿中之银。
富兰克林
Genius only means hard-working all one's life .
天才只意味着终身不懈的努力。
Mendeleyer
门捷列耶夫
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Task 3 Explanation
• What does it mean? Agree or disagree, why?
(explanation must last at least 1 minute.)
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Like father, like son.
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Task 4 Nature or Nurture?
Who are they?
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Task 3 Nature or Nurture?
Talking about Twins
As children twins are usually
raised together and share a
very similar environment as
they grow up. But one third
of all twins born share much
more than this – identical
twins have exactly the same
genes.
One of the most striking
and magical features of
identical twins is their
appearance. Even close
family often find it
difficult to tell them apart.
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Non-identical twins
have genes which are as
different as any normal
brother or sister but
their environment as
they are growing up is
very similar.
Identical twins who have
grown up apart were
shown to have very similar
dining habits despite their
different upbringings. They
like to eat at the same
time of day and felt full
after the same about of
food.
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Task 3 Nature or Nurture?
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Talking about Twins
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1.
Do you know any twins? What
can you say about them?
2. Why are people curious about
twins?
3. How do you think it feels to be
twins?
4. what it must be like to grow
up alongside a genetic copy of
yourself ?
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Part Three Reading-centered Activities
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Twins, Genes, and Environment
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Introduction (Para. 1)
Research on the relative effects of
heredity and environment (Para. 2-8)
Conclusion (Para. 9)
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Part 1 Introduction (para. 1)
• gene
heredity
potential (born with),
fate,
predestination
• environment
• topic sentence
• No characteristic is caused exclusively by either
environment or genes.
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Part 2 Research (Para. 2-8)
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*The relative effects of heredity and environment on the
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development of the individual.
Twins
Gene Environment Findings
Implication
same
(para. 2)
remarkly alike in
appearance &
behaviour
individuals with the same
genes, when raised in the
same environment, will
respond to it in much the
same way
raised
apart
similar
psychological &
physical likenesses
This doesn’t inform us the
power of genes and the
limitation of the effect of
the environment
raised
together
same
same
(para. 3-4)
raised
apart
(para. 5-8)
same
contrasting
similarities
in appearance
differences
in personality
Genes alone are never
absolutely responsible
for any trait.
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Part 3 Conclusion (para. 9)
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• Topic sentence
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• Genes: what we can do, what we will do
• Environment: what we actually do
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• heredity (n.) (Line 1, Para. 1) & inheritance
• heredity (n.) [U] the passing on of physical or mental
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characteristics from parents to children 遗传；遗传性
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• inheritance (n.) [U] inheriting 继承，遗传
•
or [C] what is inherited 遗产
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• fate (n.) (Line 2, Para. 1) –predestination (n.) (Line 3, Para. 1)
• destiny [u] 命运 ； [C] 定数， 天命
• work in a vacuum (Line 3, Para. 1)
e.g. 1. His death
left acharacterized
vacuum in by
heremptiness
life.
(n.) situation
2. She used to vacuum
Sunday.
(v.) the
cleanhouse
with aevery
vacuum
cleaner
3. (idm) in a vacuum
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• exclusively (adv.) (Line 6, Para. 1)
• exclusive (adj.)
1. excluding all but the thing specified
2. reserved for or limited to the person or group concerned
• identical (adj. no comp.) (Line 8, Para. 2)
1. ( + with / to) exactly alike 完全相同的，完全一样的
2. the same 同一的
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• remarkably (adv.) (Line 8, Para. 2)
• remarkable (adj.)
~ (for sth.) worth noticing or unusual, exceptional
e.g. a remarkable person
a remarkable feat
a remarkable event
a remarkable book
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•
•
•
•
the subject of these studies (Line 14, Para. 3)
physical environments (Line 15, Para. 3)
the closest resemblance to (Line 16, Para. 3)
on the whole (Line 18, Para. 3)
• infancy (n.) (Line 20, Para. 3)
1. state or period of being an infant, early childhood
2. early stage of development or growth
* infant (n.)
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• approximately (adv.) (Line 22, Para. 3)
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• no more… than (Line 22-23, Para. 3) & no more than
e.g. He is no more a God than us.
Money is no more than our servant.
• substantially (Line 27, Para. 3) & substantial (Line 32, Para. 3)
* substantial (adj.)
1. large in amount; considerable (Line 60, Para. 7) 大的，相当可
观的
2. solid; strongly made 牢固的
3. noticeable; important; of some size or value
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• illustrate (v.) (Line 32, Para. 4) –illustration (n.)
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• adopt (v.) –foster (v.) (Line 36, Para. 4)
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•
Foster-brother adoptive parent
• come to an end (Line 51, Para. 6)
• resume (v.) (Line 51, Para. 6)
1. start doing something again after stopping or being interrupted
2. take or occupy sth. again
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• “-hood” suffix (Line 55, Para. 7)
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• distinguish (v.) (Line 57, Para. 7)
1. recognize the difference bet. (people or things)
2. be a characteristic mark or property of sb./sth., make sb./sth.
different
3. hear, see, or recognize
4. distinguish oneself deserve to be noticed by doing sth. well
* distinguished (adj.)
* distinguishable (adj.)
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• make the most of (Line 59, Para. 7)
• polish (Line 60, Para. 8)
• be liable to do sth. (Line 67, Para. 9) 有做…的倾向，
易为
* be liable to sth. 易遭受
* be liable for sth. responsible according to law 应该
• exhibit (Line 67, Para. 9)
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describing similarities and differences
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
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be remarkably alike
The same physical environments ;
the same nutritional histories
Maintain the closest resemblance to each other in
physical appearance
The great psychological and physical likenesses
between identical twins
There were no more significant differences that
A background similar to that of its own family
The twins developed similarly
There had been a greater difference
The difference were more substantial
In contrasting environments
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这对双胞胎成长的自然环境几乎相同。
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The twins were raised in much the
same physical environments.
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这对双胞胎在……方面及其相似。
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The twins are remarkably alike in ….
The twins maintain the closest
resemblance to each other in ….
……时有例外。
Exceptions occurred when ….
双胞胎 / 一对双胞胎中的一个 / 两对双胞胎 / 同
卵双胞胎
the twins / one twin / two sets of twins
/ identical twins
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患了相当严重的疾病
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develop a rather severe illness
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相距甚远的两家
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the two families far removed from
each other
海伦充分利用了她外表的优势。
Helen made the most of her personal
appearance.
海伦在社交中显得很从容、有修养。
Helen showed considerable polish and
ease in social relationships.
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Part Four vocabulary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
heredity
be identical to
resemble
resemblance
substantial
resume
distinguish
be liable to
exhibit
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Part Four Further Development
• Some diseases develop because of the conditions
one lives in; others are present by heredity.
• The color of our skin is due to heredity .
• Your voice is identical to your brothers.
• This is the identical hotel that we stayed in last
year
• The identical twins resemble each other in
appearance but not in character.
• There is a strong resemblance between the
authentic work of Xu Beihong and the counterfeit
• To study abroad indicates to make substantial
changes in life.
• Though young, he has substantially contributed to
the project.
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Part Four Further Development
• He resumed his spirits and threw himself into the new
work soon after the failure.
• Kindly resume your seats, ladies and gentlemen.
• He distinguished himself in the commercial negotiation
with America
• He is easily distinguished by his uniform
• Human beings are liable to make mistakes under stress.
• She is liable to flu in winter
• Though not rich, he exhibited great concern for those
homeless children and make whatever effort to help
them.
• He will exhibit his paintings before the public in New
York.
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状语从句是英语从句中较为常见的从句
类型之一，其类型多样，主要包括时间状语
从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、让步
状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、
结果状语从句、方式状语从句和比较状语从
句等九大类型。对于这些从句以及翻译热点
的了解，将有助于更好地进行状语从句的翻
译。
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1．时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句常见的词和词组有：when,
whenever, as, while, before, after, until, till, since,
ever since, now (that), once, so (as) long as, as soon
as, every time, the moment, instantly, directly等。
Stormy applause broke forth in the audience the
moment the singer stepped on the stage .
这名歌星一出现在舞台上，
观众席中就响起暴风雨般的
掌声。（倒译法）
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2．地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句常见词和词组有：where,
wherever等
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Wherever a foreigner
goes, he must do as the
Romans do.
无论外国人到什么地方，
他都应入乡随俗。
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3．原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句常见的词和词组有：as,
because, since, seeing (that), considering, now that,
not that … but that …, in that …等。
He felt a bit anxious, not that the equipment did not
operate smoothly, but that his subordinates neglected
observance towards the discipline of safety.
他略感焦虑，不是因为设备不能正常运转，而是他
的部下不遵守安全规章。
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4．让步状语从句
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引导让步状语从句常见的词和词组有：though,
although, no matter, even if, even though, however,
whatever等。
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Granted that the children can not do things in the right
way, the parents aren’t right in taking everything on
themselves.
即使孩子做事的方式不对，父
母也不该为其包办一切事务。
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5．条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句常见的词和词组有：if,
unless, suppose, supposing, in case, so (as) long as,
so far as, on condition (that), provided (that)等。
Supposing (Suppose) the explorers can not get the food
supply in time, all the team members will die in the
desert.
假如探险队员无法及时得到食
物，全体队员将死于沙漠。
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6．目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句常见的词和词组有：that, so
that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等。
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The speaker worded his speech in
a careful way that there might be
no confusion to the listeners.
演讲者在演讲中措辞谨慎，
以免造成听众的混淆。
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7．结果状语从句
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引导结果状语从句常见的词和词组有：that, so that,
so … that …, such … that等。
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The man was so rude towards his mother that all the
standers-by were annoyed with his words and action.
那个男子对他母亲如此粗鲁，
以至于路人都被他的言行惹恼。
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8．比较状语从句
引导比较状语从句常见的词有：than, as等。
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The film newly released to the public was much better
than we had expected.
新近公映的电影比我
们预期的要好得多。
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9．方式状语从句
引导方式状语从句常见的词有： as 等。
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We must devote our whole life to the construction of
our country just as we had pledged before the national
flag.
我们应该像在国旗前宣
誓的那样，将自己的一
生贡献给祖国的建设事
业。
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Assignment
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Directions: Write a composition on the topic: Which
has a stronger influence, heredity or
environment? Your composition should
be no less than 120 words according to
the outline given below in Chinese:
1) 父母遗传很重要；
2) 后天环境影响起关
键作用；
3) 我们是先天遗传与
后天环境的综合
产物。
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Which has a stronger influence,
heredity or environment?
Which is more important in shaping a person’s
character, heredity or environment? First, let us
examine the influence of heredity. A kind-hearted
mother may expect a child who is also gentle and kind.
An engineer father who used to get high marks in
mathematics tests is very likely to have a son or
daughter who is also good at math and plans to be an
engineer, maybe because the child inherits the “math
gene” from the father. Stubborn (顽固的) parents are
likely to have children who are as hard to turn as a
donkey (犟牛般的子女).
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However, the environment also
plays a key role in molding many of a
child’s characteristics. Environment
can change a person no matter what
one inherits from parents. Exercise,
sports and good food, for example, can
make a person grow taller and stronger,
which explains the reason why young
Chinese are obviously bigger and taller
than their grandparents. Intelligent
professionals’ children are not
necessarily intelligent, so intelligence
is not inherited. On the other hand, the
son of a thief is not necessarily a thief.
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In conclusion, we are the product of nature and
nurture. It is family, schools, and society that work
together to shape who we are. Therefore, both heredity
and environment have great influence on a person’s
personality. Heredity creates a person, but environment
can create an improved one.