Transcript No Slide Title

RESPIRATORY
DISEASES
PPT HEK SCIENCE DEPT
H
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RESPIRATORY
ASTHMA
BRONCHITIS
EMPHYSEMA
PNEUMONIA
ASP. PNEUMONIA
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
PNEUMOCONIOSIS
ARDS
PUL EMBOLISM
DISEASES
PUL INFARCT
C
ASTHMA
O
BRONCHITIS
P
D
EMPHYSEMA
ASTHMA
• A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY
LUNG DISEASE WITH:
OBSTRUCTION, INFLAMMATION
AND HYPER-RESPONSIVENESS.
• SYMPTOMS: WHEEZING, DYSPNEA,
COUGH AND MUCOID SPUTUM.
• CAUSE IS NOT KNOWN BUT
INVOLVES CONTRACTION OF
MUSCLES, MUCUS AND SWELLING
OF AIRWAYS.
Plasma
cell
Allergens:dust
pollen, foods.
IgE
antigens
Next time allergens
enter the body they are
attracted to IgE on
mast cells and cause a
release of histamine
which causes
bronchoconstriction
and vasodilatation.
Allergic reaction:
IgE
attaches
to mast
and
basophil
cells
= Release of
histamine
ASTHMA SYMPTOMS
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WHEEZING
CYANOSIS
IRRITABLE
RESP RATE
SWEATING
O2 SAT<90-92%
UNABLE TO TALK
MORE THAN A
FEW WORDS AT A
TIME.
PEAK FLOW TEST
PEFR:
PEAK
EXPIRATORY
FLOW RATE
A DROP IN 5060% IS
INDICATION
OF A SEVERE
ATTACK.
TREATMENT
• BETA-ADRENERGIC AGENTS - CAUSE
BRONCHIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE
RELAXATION AND INHIBITION OF
INFLAMMATORY CELLS, SUBSTANCES.
(Albuterol).
• THEOPHYLLINE – BRONCHODILATOR.
ORIGINALLY DERIVED FROM TEA
LEAVES.
• CORTICOSTEROIDS - REDUCE
INFLAMMATION.
• O2 THERAPY
• ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC INFECTION.
BRONCHITIS
INFLAMMATION OF
THE BRONCHI.
OFTEN FOLLOWS A
COLD OR ANY
INFECTION OF NOSE
AND THROAT.
AGGRAVATED BY
SMOKING OR
SMOKE, DUST AND
CHEMICALS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT
BRONCHITIS SYMPTOMS
• COUGH WORSE IN
AM WITH CLEAR
MUCOUS SPUTUM.
• BECOMES THICKER
YELLOW IF
INFECTION OCCURS
• FEVER SUGGESTS
BACTERIAL
INFECTION.
MUCOUS PLUG
BRONCHIAL
GLAND WITH
EXCESS MUCOUS
BRONCHITIS TREATMENT
• REST
• FLUIDS
• ANTIPYRETIC
FOR FEVERS
• ANTIBIOTICS FOR
PURULENT
SPUTUM WHEN
HIGH FEVER
PERSISTS.
EMPHYSEMA
• CHRONIC LUNG
DISEASE IN WHICH
AIR SACS
DEGENERATE UNTIL
ELASTIC FIBERS ARE
DESTROYED. LEADS
TO A DECREASE IN
LUNG ELASTICITY,
RESULTING IN
ACCUMULATION OF
CO2 IN THE LUNGS
POST EXHALATION.
EMPHYSEMA CAUSES AN OVER-INFLATION OF
THE ALVEOLI RESULTING FROM A BREAKDOWN
OF THE WALLS WITH DECREASED
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION.
DAMAGE TO ALVEOLI IS
IRREVERSIBLE AND RESULTS IN
HOLES AND BULLAE IN LUNG TISSUE
MOTH-EATEN
APPEARANCE
BULLAE
ETIOLOGY
• SMOKING
• ADV. STAGE OF
BRONCHITIS
• MAY FOLLOW
ASTHMA AND TB
• ATT-ALPHA 1ANTITRYPSIN
DEFICIENCY
RELATED
EMPHYSEMA
HOW SERIOUS IS EMPHYSEMA?
• 2.8 MILLION
AMERICANS
• RANKS 15th
AMONG CHRONIC
CONDITIONS TO
ACTIVITY
LIMITATIONS
• MEN HAVE
HIGHER RATES
53% HIGHER
THAN FEMALES
SYMPTOMS
• INCREASING SOB
• COUGH
• SPUTUM
PRODUCTION
• PROLONGED
EXPIRATION
• ANOREXIA
• WT LOSS
• MALAISE
SMOKERS
LUNG
OLD PULMONARY FUNCTION
TEST
MODERN PFT
TREATMENT
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NO CURE
STOP SMOKING
BRONCHODILATOR DRUGS
ANTIBIOTICS
TREAT WITH A1P1 FOR THOSE WHO
HAVE DEFICIENCY
• LUNG TRANSPLANT
• LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION
• BREATHING EXERCISES & PD
EMPHYSEMA
PATIENT
BARREL CHEST
PERCUSSION
ARDS
• A FAILURE OF THE RESP SYS BY FLUID
ACCUMULATION WITHIN THE LUNGS
THAT CAUSE THEM TO STIFFEN.
CAUSES BLOOD VESSELS TO “LEAK”
INTO THE LUNGS
• ETIOLOGIES: TRAUMA, SHOCK, BLOOD
TRANSFUSIONS, HEAD INJURY, SMOKE
INHALATION AND NEAR DROWNING.
• UPON XRAY LUNGS BECOME WHITEDOUT
ARDS SYMPTOMS &TREATMENT
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RAPID BREATHING
NASAL FLARING
CYANOSIS
DYSPNEA
ANXIETY AND
STRESS
• APNEA AT TIMES
• RALES, RHONCHI
AND WHEEZES
• SURVIVAL RATE IS
50% WITH 90%
HAVINGA
CARDIAC ARREST
• O2 AT 100% IS
ADMINISTERED
INTUBATION AND
MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
• MEDS TO REDUCE
INFLAMMATION
ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
• ABNORMAL ENTRY OF FLUIDS: VOMIT,
BILE, ACIDS INTO THE LUNGS.
• TAKES COURSE SIMILAR TO ARDS
• SAME TYPE OF TREATMENT IS
REQUIRED TO GIVE RESPIRATORY
SUPPORT WITH O2 AND MECHANICAL
VENTILATION.
• FREQUENT SUCTIONING IS DONE EARLY
IN THE COURSE OF TREATMENT.
• ANTIBIOTICS FOR ANAEROBIC
BACTERIA
PNEUMONIA
• INFLAMMATION OF
THE LUNGS DUE TO
BACT, VIRUSES OR
CHEM IRRITANTS
• MOST COMMON TYPE
IS BACT PNEUMONIA
FROM STREP.
PNEUMONIAE
• OCCURS WHEN THE
BODY IS WEAKENED
FROM ILLNESS,
MALNUTRITION, OLD
AGE
SYMPTOMS
• CHILLS, HIGH FEVER
• CHEST PAIN
• PRUNE COLORED
SPUTUM
• SWEATING
• RAPID PULSE AND
BREATHING
• CYANOSIS
• CONFUSED MENTAL
STATE.
TREATMENT: ANTIBIOTICS, O2,
NEBULIZER, POSTURAL DRAINAGE,
NUTRITION, FLUIDS VACCINES.
VACCINATION
NEXT
PNEUMOCONIOSES
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
• INHALATION OF
PARTICLES: DUSTS,
SILICA, ASBESTOS,
COAL, IRON OXIDES,
COTTON, FLAX
• PARTICLES
DEPOSITED DEPEND
ON SEDIMENTATION,
INERTIAL IMPACTION
AND DIFFUSION
PATHOLOGY OF DISEASE
INHALED
PARTICULATES
PROLIFERATION
OF CONNECTIVE
TISSUE DUE TO
IRRITATION
COLLAGEN
FORMATION &
COALESCING OF
NODULES
END RESULT IS LUNG AND
HEART FAILURE
NODULE OF DUST
TYPES OF PNEUMCONIOSES
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SILICOSIS
ASBESTOSIS
ANTHRACOSIS
SIDEROSIS
BAGASOSSIS
BYSSINOSIS
ASBESTOS FIBERS
SYMPTOMS
• SOB RELATED TO
SIZE OF NODULES
• WHEEZING
• COUGH
• DYSPNEA
• WEIGHT LOSS
• EXCESS SPUTUM
• REDUCED
EXERCISE
TOLERANCE
TREATMENT
• DUST SUPPRESSION
• TREAT SYMPTOMS
• SIMILAR TO COPD
TREATMENT
• ANTIBIOTICS FOR
SEC. INFECTION
• O2 THERAPY
• NEB AND STEROIDS
CITY LUNG
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
• INHERITED AUTOSOMAL
RECESSIVE TRAIT
OCCURRING IN ABOUT
5% OF POP.
• A DISEASE OF EXOCRINE
GLANDS WHICH HYPERSECRETE PRIMARILY
AFFECTING
RESPIRATORY AND GI
SYSTEMS
• MOST COMMON LETHAL
GENETIC DIS. IN WHITE
POP.
SYMPTOMS
ABN SWEAT AND MUCOUS
GLANDS WITH LOSS OF
NaCl CAN CAUSE:
ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCE,
ARRHYTHMIAS, SHOCK.
THICK MUCOUS CAUSES:
RESP INFECTION,
DYSPNEA, LUNG DISEASE,
MALNUTRITION & POOR
GROWTH.
CHEST PHYSICAL THERAPY
NEBULIZER DELIVERY OF
BRONCHODILATORS
TREATMENT OF CF
• PT
• EXERCISE TO
LOOSEN MUCUS AND
STIMULATE
COUGHING
• BRONCHODILATORS
• O2 THERAPY
• ANTIBIOTICS FOR
SEC. INF.
• NUTRITION AND
VITAMINS
• LUNG TRANSPLANT
PULMONARY EMBOLUS
• SUDDEN
LODGEMENT OF A
BLOOD CLOT
WITH
OBSTRUCTION OF
BLOOD SUPPLY
TO THE LUNG
PARENCHYMA.
• CAN LEAD TO
NECROSIS OF
LUNG TISSUE =
PUL. INFARCT
SYMPTOMS & TREATMENT
• SYMPTOMS:VARY IN FREQ. &
INTENSITY
• TACHYPNEA
• SUBSTERNAL CHEST PAIN
• HYPOXEMIA
• TREATMENT: ANALGESICS,
HEPARIN (WATCH FOR BLEEDING),
O2, SEDATIVES, PUL.
EMBOLECTOMY.
PhotoGallery
anthracosis
bronchopneumonia
bulbous emphysema
PhotoGallery
CF bronchiectasis
PhotoGallery
emphysema
PhotoGallery
Pul embolus
Pul infarct
PhotoGallery
pneumonia
PhotoGallery
siderosis
PhotoGallery
Status asthmaticus
PhotoGallery
TB
Lung transplant
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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www.pediatriconall.com
www.courier-journal.com
www.fpnotebook.com
www.itc.csmd.edu
//krupp.wcc.hawaii.edu
www.merck.com
med-lab.utah.edu