Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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Transcript Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
&
Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct
Disorder, and Juvenile Delinquency
Child and Adolescent
Psychopathology
1) Inattentive-disorganized (314.00)
2) Hyperactive-impulsive (314.01)
3) Combined type (314.01)
Controversy over whether
impulsivity should belong to
hyperactive-impulsive type
or separate category
Careful history
Data from multiple informants (e.g., parents, teachers)
Not normal developmental variation (e.g.,
toddlerhood)
Rule-out diagnoses (e.g., anxiety and mood disorders,
sleep and health-related disorders, some learning disorders)
Direct observations
Functional impairments (e.g., at home and school, with
peers)
In U.S. population:
6.8% between ages 6-11
(although half also received
diagnosis of LD)
4.4% of adults diagnosed
5.3% of worldwide prevalence estimate
*Percent of Youth 4-17 ever diagnosed with AttentionDeficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: National Survey of Children's
Health, 2003
① Genetic influences on liability to ADHD:
Heritability
estimated between .6 and .9
Nonshared environmental effects are modest to
small
Shared environmental effects are negligible
Genome-wide scans: focus on chromosome 5
(where DA transporter gene has been mapped)
Candidate
gene studies: DA receptor genes (e.g.
DA beta-hydroxylase gene)
② Environmental Risks and Triggers
a)
Gene-environment correlations:
Parents who pass on ADHD genes
and also provide chaotic home
environment
Child contributes to
counterproductive socialization
experiences
Caregiver behavior also impacts
ADHD sx
Transactional model: but child effects
are greater
(e.g., medication reduced mothers'
negative/controlling behaviors)
b)
Gene-environment interactions
Inflated heritability term in twin studies: experiential
effects might differentially activate genetic risk
Unknown effect size of
these experiential effects
c)
Environmental risk factors:
Low birth weight (<2,500 grams)
Prenatal teratogens:
o
o
Maternal alcohol exposure
Maternal smoking
Postnatal exposure to toxins
(e.g., lead exposure)
Dietary insufficiencies
(Uganda experience)
5% reduction in overall brain volume
12% reduction in volume of key frontal and subcortical
structures
*UQ neuroscientist, Dr Ross Cunnington of Queensland
Brain Institute (QBI) said there appears to be a biological
difference in the brain that makes some children more
susceptible to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,
combined type (ADHD-CT) (2007)
*Neuroanatomical and functional model of attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder developed by Arnsten et al. (1996). Lateral view
of the brain with a section of the cortex removed. Red lines represent
noradrenergic pathways and black lines indicate cortical pathways mediated
primarily by excitatory amino acids.
Attention: ability to filter information is compromised
② Cognitive control: strategic allocation of attention and
response is compromised
①
a) Working memory:
Limited capacity system
for keep something in mind
while doing something else
is compromised, especially
spatial working memory
weaknesses
b) Response suppression:
Ability to interrupt a
response during dynamic
moment-to-moment
behavior (e.g. checkswing) is compromised
c) Set shifting: shifting one’s mental focus within a task
is compromised (e.g. sorting by color or number)
*Wisconsin Card Sorting task
d) Task switching: alternating tasks is compromised
(e.g. counting or naming objects)
③ Motivation, approach, and reinforcement
response
a) ADHD not related to low reactive control as
in psychopathy
b) ADHD related to weakened reinforcement delay gradient - lose interest in reward earlier
than others
c) Positive response to high intensity
reinforcement
d) Lack of physiological response to potential
rewards
④ Temporal informational processing and motor
control
a) Faulty time perception for behavioral control
b) Poor time estimation
c) Poor time reproduction
Diagnosis as young as age 3
Motoric hyperactivity more pronounced in
preschool
Inattention more pronounced with age
Criteria for adolescents and adults are lacking
Sex differences:
Male preponderance:
2.5:1 in childhood, 1.6:1 in adulthood
Girls are less likely to show comorbid
externalizing problems
Some impaired girls are missed by current
diagnostic criteria
Girls might have greater resistance to etiological
factors of ADHD
ADHD informant ratings differ
cross-culturally
ADHD might consist of different
systems cross-culturally
Differences in treatment crossculturally (stimulants for
minorities)
Birth weight × lack of parental warmth ADHD
(moderational model)
Effectiveness in neuropsychological response
inhibition
Protective factors for ADHD children:
reading ability
absence of aggressive behavior
positive peer relations
effective parenting
Specification of
heterogeneity of ADHD
Specification of etiologies of
ADHD subgroups
Specification of key
moderators of ADHD
behaviors
Specification of long-term
treatment
Juvenile delinquency: Children who have broken a law
Conduct Disorder: 3 out of 15 antisocial behaviors within
12 months
Oppositional Defiant Disorder: 4 out of 9 disruptive
interpersonal behaviors
ODD, CD, ADHD all
co-occur
ODD and CD cooccur with depression
①
Childhood-onset (life-course persistent) trajectory:
(5-14%)
•
•
Early neurodevelopmental deficits
Inadequate parenting and adverse social influences
②
Adolescent-onset (adolescence-limited) trajectory:
(10-21%)
•
Few conduct problems in childhood
First law breaking in adolescence
Desist from offending in early adulthood
•
•
③ 3:1 Ratio of males to females for childhood onset,
but 1:1 ratio for adolescent onset
④ Not two distinct trajectories but rather a continuum
for children
⑤ CD children mostly childhood onset and met
criteria of ODD
①
ODD more prevalent than CD during early
childhood
②
ODD and CD have equal prevalence through
adolescence
③
CD increase is greater in males than females
④
ODD more prevalent in males at all ages
⑤
Rates of delinquency peak at 16 or 17 and then
decline sharply (age-crime curve)
① Temperament: resists control, responds to threats
with negative emotions, daring sensation-seeking,
low prosocial behaviors, impulsivity, lack of
persistence
② ODD CD
③ ADHD × CD
APD (moderational
model)
④ Early shyness and anxiety conduct problems
Childhood cognitive skills and language
conduct problems
⑥ Lower verbal intelligence
conduct problems
because affect more likely
to be expressed
behaviorally, more
frustrating for parents
Likelihood of other serious mental Dx in adulthood
② Majority of CD children (60-70%) do not progress to
④
⑤
⑥
APD
Likelihood of depression (CD stressful life
events depression) (mediational model)
Adolescent suicide with CD, depression, and
substance abuse
Adult males: criminal behavior, work problems,
substance abuse
Adult females: depression, suicidal behavior, poor
physical health
Birth weight and birth complications
Maternal cigarette smoking and substance use
during pregnancy
SES + lower parental education (mostly childhood
onset)
Parental characteristics, family characteristics, and
parenting
Parental antisocial behavior and substance abuse
Low maternal IQ
Young mothers
Mother’s multiple partners and discordant relationships
Deviant peer influence and gang membership
•
•
Almost all adolescent crime is committed with
peers
Association with delinquent peers is highly
correlated with delinquency
Neighborhood and urbanicity: poverty and
social disorganization
Maltreatment × low-activity MAO-A genotype
Conduct problems
Birth weight × high-risk COMT genotype
Conduct problems
Prosociality vs. callousness
During sensation-seeking
vs. fearful inhibition
Negative emotionality vs.
emotional stability
Slowly developing cognitive
skills and language
(interferes with socialization
experiences)
Fin