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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity > Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
• Introduction
• Mendel’s Model System
• Mendelian Crosses
• Garden Pea Characteristics Revealed the Basics of Heredity
• Probability Basics
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity > Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
Introduction
• Mendel studied seven characteristics of the garden pea plants: flower color, seed
texture, seed color, stem length, pod color, pod texture, and flower position to
develop his Laws of Inheritance.
• Genetics is the study of genes passed from parents to offspring.
• Genes are the basic fundamental units of heredity.
Appearance and genetic makeup of garden pea
plant flowers
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity > Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
Mendel’s Model System
• Mendel used true-breeding plants in his experiments.These plants, when selffertilized, always produce offspring with the same phenotype.
• Pea plants are easily manipulated, grow in one season, and can be grown in large
quantities; these qualities allowed Mendel to conduct methodical, quantitative
analyses using large sample sizes.
• Based on his experiments with the garden peas, Mendel found that one
phenotype was always dominant over another recessive phenotype for the same
trait.
Mendel's Experiments With Peas
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity > Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
Mendelian Crosses
• Mendel carefully controlled his experiments by removing the anthers from the pea
plants before they matured.
• First generation pea plants were called parental generation, P0, while the following
generations were called filial, Fn, where n is the number of generations from P0.
• The ratio of characteristics in the P0−F1−F2 generations became the basis for
Mendel's postulates.
Mendelian Crosses
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity > Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
Garden Pea Characteristics Revealed the Basics of Heredity
• Dominant traits are inherited unchanged from one generation to the next.
• Recessive traits disappear in the first filial generation, but reappear in the second
filial generation at a ratio of 3:1, dominant:recessive.
• In the F1 generation, Mendel found that one of the two options for each trait had
disappeared (all offspring were identical phenotypes), while in the F2 generation,
the trait reappeared in 1/4 of the offspring (a 3:1 ratio).
Appearance and genetic makeup of garden pea
plant flowers
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity > Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
Probability Basics
• The Product Rule is used to determine the outcome of an event with two
independent events; the probability of the event is the product of the probabilities
of each individual event.
• The Sum Rule is used to determine the outcome of an event with two mutually
exclusive events from multiple pathways; the probability of the event is the sum of
the probabilities of each individual event.
• The Product Rule of probability is used to determine the probability of having both
dominant traits in the F2 progeny; it is the product of the probabilities of having the
dominant trait for each characteristic.
• The Sum Rule of probability is used to determine the probability of having one
Role of probability in segregation of alleles and
fertilization
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dominant trait in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross; it is the sum of the
probabilities of each individual with that trait.
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Appendix
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Key terms
• dominant a relationship between alleles of a gene, in which one allele masks the expression (phenotype) of another allele at the
same locus
• filial of a generation or generations descending from a specific previous one
• genetics the branch of biology that deals with the transmission and variation of inherited characteristics, in particular
chromosomes and DNA
• genotype the specific genetic information of a cell or organism, usually a description of the allele or alleles relating to a specific
gene.
• hybrid offspring resulting from cross-breeding different entities, e.g. two different species or two purebred parent strains
• parental of the generation of organisms that produce a hybrid
• phenotype the observable characteristics of an organism, often resulting from its genetic information or a combination of
genetic information and environmental factors
• probability a number, between 0 and 1, expressing the precise likelihood of an event happening
• product rule the probability of two independent events occurring together can be calculated by multiplying the individual
probabilities of each event occurring alone
• recessive able to be covered up by a dominant trait
• sum rule the probability of the occurrence of one event or the other event, of two mutually exclusive events, is the sum of their
individual probabilities
• true-breeding plant a plant that always produces offspring of the same phenotype when self-fertilized.
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Appearance and genetic makeup of garden pea plant flowers
Based on Mendel's experiments, the genotype of the pea flowers could be determined from the phenotypes of the flowers.
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Mendel's Experiments With Peas
Experimenting with thousands of garden peas, Mendel uncovered the fundamentals of genetics.
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Mendelian Crosses
In one of his experiments on inheritance patterns, Mendel crossed plants that were true-breeding for violet flower color with plants true-breeding for white
flower color (the P generation).The resulting hybrids in the F1 generation all had violet flowers.In the F2 generation, approximately three-quarters of the
plants had violet flowers, while one-quarter had white flowers.
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Results of Mendel's Garden Pea Hybridizations
Mendel conducted thousands of experiments and found the same ratios of offspring every time, regardless of which trait he examined.
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Role of probability in segregation of alleles and fertilization
In a genetic cross, the probability of the dominant trait being expressed is dependent upon its frequency.In this case, both parents possessed a dominant
and a recessive gene for the trait of flower color.The dominant trait is expressed in 3/4 of the offspring and the recessive trait is expressed in 1/4.
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Which is one of the seven characteristics that Mendel observed in
pea plants?
A) flower size
B) leaf shape
C) seed texture
D) stem color
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Which is one of the seven characteristics that Mendel observed in
pea plants?
A) flower size
B) leaf shape
C) seed texture
D) stem color
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Why was the fact that Mendel used "true-breeding" plants so
important for the success of his research?
A) It ensured that offspring always looked like parents.
B) It made them easier to hybridize with other plants.
C) It ensured that they could not self-pollinate.
D) It ensured that recombinant traits would show in each generation.
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Why was the fact that Mendel used "true-breeding" plants so
important for the success of his research?
A) It ensured that offspring always looked like parents.
B) It made them easier to hybridize with other plants.
C) It ensured that they could not self-pollinate.
D) It ensured that recombinant traits would show in each generation.
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Which of the following is a Mendelian cross?
A) mating two true-breeding organisms with different traits
B) mating two true-breeding organisms with the same trait
C) mating any two organisms with the same trait
D) mating any two organisms with different traits
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Which of the following is a Mendelian cross?
A) mating two true-breeding organisms with different traits
B) mating two true-breeding organisms with the same trait
C) mating any two organisms with the same trait
D) mating any two organisms with different traits
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Imagine you are performing a cross involving seed color in garden
pea plants. What F1 offspring would you expect if you cross truebreeding parents with green seeds with those with yellow seeds?
A) 100 percent yellow seeds
B) 100 percent yellow-green seeds
C) 50 percent yellow, 50 percent green
D) 25 percent green, 75 percent yellow
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Imagine you are performing a cross involving seed color in garden
pea plants. What F1 offspring would you expect if you cross truebreeding parents with green seeds with those with yellow seeds?
A) 100 percent yellow seeds
B) 100 percent yellow-green seeds
C) 50 percent yellow, 50 percent green
D) 25 percent green, 75 percent yellow
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Consider a cross where inflated pods are dominant and
constricted pods are recessive. If you performed this cross and
obtained 650 inflated pod plants in the F2 generation,
approximately how many constricted pod plants would you expect
to have?
A) 600
B) 1950
C) 468
D) 217
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Consider a cross where inflated pods are dominant and
constricted pods are recessive. If you performed this cross and
obtained 650 inflated pod plants in the F2 generation,
approximately how many constricted pod plants would you expect
to have?
A) 600
B) 1950
C) 468
D) 217
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
If two purple flowered (Bb) pea plants were crossed, what is the
probability of obtaining a white flowered (bb) pea plant in the
offspring? (B = purple allele, b = white allele)
A) 1/2
B) 1/4
C) 3/4
D) 0
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
If two purple flowered (Bb) pea plants were crossed, what is the
probability of obtaining a white flowered (bb) pea plant in the
offspring? (B = purple allele, b = white allele)
A) 1/2
B) 1/4
C) 3/4
D) 0
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Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Attribution
• Connexions. "Introduction." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44474/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "genetics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genetics
• Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/Genetics and inheritance." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Genetics_and_inheritance
• Wiktionary. "genotype." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genotype
• Wiktionary. "phenotype." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phenotype
• Wikipedia. "true-breeding." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/true-breeding
• Connexions. "Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44476/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Connexions. "Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44476/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "parental." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parental
• Wiktionary. "filial." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filial
• Connexions. "Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44476/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "hybrid." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hybrid
• Wiktionary. "recessive." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/recessive
• Wikipedia. "dominant." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dominant
• Connexions. "Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44476/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/sum-rule
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• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/product-rule
Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
• Wiktionary. "probability." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/probability
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