Transcript Effect of Muscular Exercise on Body Metabolism

Effect of Muscular Exercise
on Body Metabolism
Supervised by
Dr. Amr El-Noueam
Mariam Abd El-malak Rezk 981
• Phosphagen system is the primary source of
ATP
• This for short term high intensity activities such
as sprinting or jumping.
• ATP is an intermediate source of energy for
almost all body process.
• Including ATP synthase from adonesine
diphosphate (ADP)or(AMP). ATP make the
movement possible.
• The energy produced from the system lasts for
only three seconds.
The kilo calories in ATP molecule is :
• 7.3 kcalories if we break down
into ADP
• 10.9 kcalories if we break
down into AMP
Formation of ATP
• The mechanism our body uses to regenerate ATP is
through the creatine phosphate system.
• An enzyme known as creatine kinase breaks down
creatine phosphate to creatine and a free phosphate.
•
Creatine phosphate+ADP
Creatine kinase
ATP+creatine
The Glycogen-lactic acid
system
Mariam Magdy El-Keik
982
Glycogen stores in the body
When the glycogen-lactic acid system is used
• When large amounts of
ATP are required for short
to moderate contraction as
during 100 meters swim.
• It can provide 1.3 to 1.6
minutes of maximal muscle
activity.
Glycogen-lactic acid system mechanism
• Glycogen-lactic acid system responds
rapidly to the need of ATP.
• It is one half as rapid as the phosphagen
system.
Effect of lactic acid on muscles
The accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles causes muscle fatigue.
References :
- Gyton.
-www.scribd.com/doc/23415725/Guyton-physiology
http://arapahoe.littletonpublicschools.net/Portals/7/Scienc
e/Craig/Microsoft%20Word%20%20HOW%20EXERCISE%20WORKS.pdf
Aerobic System
Mariam Mahmoud Mohamed 983
Aerobic System
It’s a system providing energy in the muscles by
oxidation of food stuff - needs continuous O2
consumption - .
Refrences :
• http://www.trampoline.co.uk/Nutrition/e
nergy_and_sources.htm
• sock-dock.com
• lactate.com
• coachr.org
• sportsscientists.com
Which Types of Sports Utilize
Which Energy System ?
Mostafa Ehab Kamal
990
Phosphagen system
Phosphagen and glycogen-lactic acid
systems
Glycogen-lactic acid system
Glycogen-lactic acid and aerobic
systems
200 Meter swim
Aerobic system
References
- John E. Hall PhD. which type of sports utilize which
energy systems. Guyton, Human Physiology and
Mechanisms of Disease. Page 643.
http://www.gophoto.it/view.php?i=http://static.ddmcdn
.com/gif/sports-physiology-atp.gif#.UM9ynW8smt8
Carbohydrates and fats
metabolism during muscle activity
Mostafa Ahmed Abdulaziz 987
The major source of energ
for the metabolism in
exercise is the oxidation of
carbohydrates
Glycolysis
Anaerobic pathway
-in the absence of oxygen.
-High intensity
exercise.
Aerobic pathway
• there is plenty of oxygen available.
• the exercise is of low to moderate intensity
citric acid cycle (CAC)
Pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA then it
starts the citric acid cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Through this process, NADH and FADH2 are
reoxidized and the energy released for the
synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi
NADH
3ATP
FADH2
2ATP
Fats Metabolism During Muscle
Activity
• Exercise at low intensities .
• After lipolysis, fatty acids from adipose tissue have to be
transported through the blood to the muscle.
• IMTG stores may also provide fatty acids for oxidation.
For every two carbons in a fatty acid,
oxidation yields 5 ATP generating the
acetyl CoA and 12 more ATP oxidizing the
coenzyme.
References
http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/3967777/reload=0;jsessionid=XO
zE7u65d9fPbvJTxU9A.6
http://www.rohan.sdsu.edu/course/ens304/public_html/section1/Gl
ycolysis.htm
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookglyc.html
http://www.nismat.org/physcor/energy_supply.html
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lactica.jpg
http://www.cellinteractive.com/ucla/nutrition_101/phys_lect6.html
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/enyld2.gif
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21607/def-item/A7467
http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/Metabolis
m/MetPathways1_Catabolism.html
http://jap.physiology.org/content/76/6/2253.short
Protein Used during Physical
Activity—and between Times
Mostafa Ahmed Lymouna
989
Protein Used in Muscle Building
• Synthesis of protein is suppressed during activity.
• After activity protein synthesis accelerates.
• Repeated activities cause body adaptations to support
needs.
• Remodeling
• Daily, ¼ to 1 ounce of body protein is added to muscle
mass during muscle-building phase.
Protein Used as Fuel
-During physical activity muscles use amino
acids for fuel.
-10% of total fuel used.
Diet Affects Protein Use during Activity
-Diets rich in energy and carbohydrate allow the
body to use less protein for fuel.
-Carbohydrates spare protein.
Intensity and Duration of Activity Affect
Protein Use during Activity
- If glycogen stores get depleted, then more reliance on
protein.
- Anaerobic strength training demands more protein to
build muscles but not large amounts.
Training Affects Protein Use
The more trained the less protein
used for energy.
Protein Recommendations for Active
People
• Athletes in training need more protein than
sedentary people.
• Athletes in training need to meet energy and
carbohydrate needs first.
Protein Recommendations for Active
People
• Adult RDA: for males 56 g/day, for females 44 g/day
• Strength athletes: for males 112-119 g/day, females 88-94
g/day
• Endurance athletes: for males 84-112 g/day, females 6688 g/day
• U.S. average intake of protein: for males 95 g/day,
females 65 g/day
•
•
References :
Res, P., Ding, Z., Witzman, M.O., Sprague, R.C. and J. L. Ivy. The effect of
carbohydrate-protein supplementation on endurance performance during exercise of
varying intensity. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. (In
press.)
•
Niles ES, Lachowetz T, Garfi J, Sullivan W, Smith JC, Leyh BP, Headley SA.
Carbohydrate-protein drink improves time to exhaustion after recovery from endurance
exercise. Journal of Exercise Physiology. 2001; 4(1):45-52.
•
Levenhagen DK, Carr C, Carlson MG, Maron DJ, Borel MJ, Flakoll PJ. Post exercise
protein intake enhances whole-body and leg protein accretion in human. Medicine and
Science in Sports & Exercise. 2002 May; 34(5): 828-37.
•
Miller SL, Tipton KD, Chinkes DL, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR. Independent and combined
effects of amino acids and glucose after resistance exercise. Medicine & Science in
Sports & Exercise. 2003 March; 35(3):449-55.
Guyton
•
Mariam Mostafa Mohamed 984
The recovery period
• After the body regains oxygen, it
starts the recovery of lactic acid.
• The body may take hours to
recover from the lactic acid.
Buffering bicarbonate system
After accumulation of lactic acid in the blood
The acidity of the blood increases
The PH of the blood decreases
The buffering bicarbonate system of lactic acid
Production of Co2 & H2O
Exhaustion& hyperventilation
•
The burden in the lungs to excrete extra
CO2 causes hyperventilation.
•
Cardiovascular system increases its
activity to supply the tissues
by oxygen.
The fate of lactic acid
When oxygen is available:
•
Lactic acid is converted to glucose in
the liver by gluconeogenesis
• This is called cori cycle
Corai cycle
The rate of removal of lactic acid
• Disappearance of lactic acid is slower
than oxidation.
• It’s proportional to lactic acid
amount in the blood.
References
• http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/content/107/3/681.
extract
• http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/content/118/3/457.
extract
• http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF006
96023?LI=true#page-1
• Anatomy and physiology 2007 edition , martini ,
Frederic
Oxygen debt
Moshera Hanafi Ahmed
986
Definition:
It is the extra-consumption of
oxygen after completion of sever
exercise, a person continues to
breathe hard and to consume large
amounts of oxygen.
Uses of oxygen debt
• Reconvert lactic acid back into glucose.
• Reconstitute the phosphagen system.
• Re-establish the normal stored oxygen.
• Raise the concentration of oxygen to its normal level.
Calculation of the oxygen debt:
Oxygen debt
=oxygen consumption during recovery –
oxygen during an equal period of rest
References :
• Anatomy and physiology 2007 edition , martini
, Frederic page 233
• http://www.scribd.com/doc/23415725/Guytonphysiology
• http://www.gophoto.it/view.php?i=http://www.
teachpe.com/images/exercise_physiology/oxyg
en_debt.jpg#.UOxTJ28smt8
Recovery Glycogen After
Exercise
Mariam Mamdouh Hanafi
985
From the functions of oxygen debt is reconverting
lactic acid into Glucose.
This glucose is necessary for resynthesis of glycogen
after exercise.
1-The rate of glycogen resynthesis after
exercise depends on carbohydrate intake.
2-the glycogen restoration rate is higher
after Glucose Feeding compared with
after Fructose Feeding.
In fed state the recovery of glycogen occurs
by glycogenesis.
Glycogenesis
is the process of glycogen synthesis, in which
glucose molecules are added to chains of
glycogen for storage.
Glycogenesis takes place in cytosol of both liver
and muscles
Hormonal Effect On
Glycogensis
When the liver begins to reach increased
levels of glucose,it will then use the
insulin it creates to begin the process of
glycogensis to help store the glycogen
within itself and the muscles.
insulin is used to activate the process of
Glycogenesis to store glycogen again in
liver and muscles.
References
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11154952
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8904559
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/705238
web.mst.edu/~nercal/documents/.../Lec09_glycogenMET.pptx
Anaerobic Threshold
Mostafa Ahmed Negm 988
Definition of anaerobic threshold
Anaerobic threshold is the exercise oxygen
uptake (VO2) that marks the transition between
no change or little change in arterial lactate
concentration (that the body can buffer it )and
the sustained increase in concentration of
lactate (that the body can't buffer it) .
Causes which make us using anaerobic threshold
• At first Aerobic metabolism increases and continues
alone as the source of ATP until a work level is
reached 50%-60% of the maximum work level of
which that individual is capable.
• The amount of ATP needed to perform muscular work
is greater than that can be provided by aerobic
metabolism alone.
After that Anaerobic metabolism begins and
supplements aerobic energy production at which
anaerobic metabolism joins aerobic metabolism
in producing ATP
Anaerobic Threshold Values
• The average person reaches their LT from5060 percent of their VO2 max.
• The average athlete reaches their LT from 8090 percent of their VO2 max.
The effect of anaerobic threshold
on the body
Before the anaerobic
threshold .
After the anaerobic
threshold .
Body use aerobic
respiratory as The body use the anaerobic
only pathway for forming
respiratory in addition to
ATP.
aerobic, thus the energy
production of anaerobic supply
to the another one produced by
aerobic .
Produce low amount of lactate so
Produce large amount of lactate
body can buffer it by carbonic acid which increase in the blood
(the body can get rid of it ) .
stream faster than the body can
buffer it (body can get rid of it
after taking rest).
PH normal (7.4)
(neutral)
PH less than normal (7.2)
it
may reach 7(in professional
athletes who perform severe
sports )
The Mechanism of Anaerobic threshold
The glycogen which stored in the contracting
skeletal muscle split into glucose.
Each molecule of glucose is split into 2 pyruvic acid
molecules with release of energy to form ATP molecules.
When the Oxygen becomes not enough, most of the
pyruvic acid is turned into lactic acid with the formation of
large amounts of ATP.
• After that lactic acid diffuses out of the muscle cells
into the interstitial fluid and blood. However,
accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle fatigue.
• In the presence of Oxygen , pyruvic acid is completely
Oxidised in the mitochondria and gives more ATP
molecules.
References :
•
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•
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2698638/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281952/
http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/388496
http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/4/09-1138.htm
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/consultations/west_nile_virus/fenthion.html
American Heart Association: Target Heart Rates.
Marathon Training Schedule: Determining Heart Rate at Anaerobic
Threshold.
Thank You