Transcript Protein Concentrates

Protein Concentrates
Pages 220-229
Classes of Protein Concentrates
• Plant
– Byproducts of oilseed or grain processing
• Animal
– Byproducts of meat, dead animal, fish or
dairy processing
• Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN)
General Characteristics of Protein Concentrates
Source
Plant
Animal
NPN
Crude protein
concentration
High
High
High
Protein digestibility
High
Variable
NA
Low to Mod.
Mod. to High
NA
Variable
Variable
High
High
High
Low
Variable
Low
Low
Calcium concentration
Low
High
Low
Phosphorus
concentration
High
High
High, if present
Phosphorus availability
Low
High
High, if present
Vitamin A
Low
Low
Low
B vitamins
Low to Mod.
Mod. to High
Low
Protein quality
Ruminal protein
degradability
Net energy concentration
Fiber concentration
Processing of Oilseed Meals
Expeller process
Drying
Solvent extraction
Oilseed
Crushing
Drying
Hull
removal
Cooking
Hulls
Flaking
Meal
Extrude
through
dies
Hexane
extraction
Oil
Hexane & Oil
Hexane
Distillation
Oil
Meal
Heat,
if needed
Soybean Meal (SBM)
• Nutritional characteristics
Protein concentration
Protein digestibility
Solvent extracted
Expeller process
44 – 50% CP
41% CP
High, dependent on heating
Amino acids,
Good source of
Lysine, Tryptophan
Limiting
Methionine
Ruminal protein
degradability, %
75
50
TDN, %
84
85
NDF, %
7-15%
7-15%
Palatability
Good
• Antiquality factors
• Trypsin inhibitor (Destroyed by heating)
• Urease (Destroyed by heating)
• P34 protein (May cause allergic reaction in young animals)
• Use of SBM in ration balancing
– Commonly used in diets of all nonruminant and ruminant
species
– Expeller processed SBM may be useful in the diets of
ruminants with high protein requirements
• High producing dairy cows
• Calves less than 600 lbs
– Limit SBM in the early diets of young animals (To avoid allergic
reactions)
• Milk replacers
– Use purified soy protein concentrate
• Nursery pigs (First diet)
– Use purified soy protein concentrate
– Limit SBM to 12 to 15% of first diet
• Whole (Full-fat) soybeans
– Nutrition characteristics
• Crude protein
• Fat
• TDN
38%
18% (Highly unsaturated)
99.8%
– Processing
• Must heat at 100oC for 3 minutes
• Destroys trypsin inhibitor and urease
– Uses in diets
• Depends on the economics of soybean oil
• Nonruminants
– Can replace all of the soybean meal in growing-finishing
pigs
– Will increase the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids
in the pork
• Ruminants
– Limit to 8 lb/day in dairy cow diets to prevent milk fat
depression
– Liltte use in beef cattle
Cottonseed Meal (CSM)
• Nutritional characteristics
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Crude protein concentration, %
36-41
Protein digestibility
High
Limiting amino acids
Lysine, Methionine, Tryptophan
Ruminal protein degradability
75
TDN, %
78
NDF, %
28
Palatability
• Cattle
• Swine and poultry
High
Moderate
• Antiquality factors
– Gossypol
• Toxic to young nonruminants (Pneumonia-like symptoms)
• Turns egg yolks green
• Can be avoided with degossypolized CSM or adding Ferrous Sulfate
(1:1 Fe:Gossypol) to diet
– Sterculic acid
• Turns egg whites pink
• Uses in diets
– Ruminants
• Can supply all of the supplemental protein
• Commonly fed as supplement to grazing cattle in south
– Nonruminants and poultry
• Limit to 25 to 30% of the protein supplement
• Whole cottonseed
– Can be fed as both an energy and protein supplement
• Also high in fiber
– Used with lactating dairy cows
– Limit to 8 lb/day
Sunflower Meal (SNFM)
• Nutritional characteristics
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Crude protein concentration, %
Protein digestibility
Limiting amino acids
Ruminal protein degradability
TDN, %
NDF, %
Palatability
• Cattle
• Swine and poultry
• Antiquality factors
– Fiber
40-45
High
Lysine
75
65-74
40
High
Low
• Uses in diets
– Ruminants
• Can supply all of the supplemental protein
– Swine
• Limit to 30 to 50% of the protein supplement for pigs greater
than 75 lb
– Poultry
• Limit to 30 to 50% of the protein supplement for broiler or layer
diets
Linseed Meal (LSM)
• A byproduct of flax seed processing
• Nutritional characteristics
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Crude protein concentration, %
Protein digestibility
Limiting amino acids
Ruminal protein degradability
TDN, %
NDF, %
Palatability
34-38
High
Lysine, Tryptophan
75
81
25
High
• Antiquality factors
– None
• Additional beneficial characteristic
– Expeller processed LSM contains some linseed oil and mucin
• Increases the glossiness of the coat of horses and show cattle
• Uses in diets
– Ruminant and mature horses
• Can supply all of the supplemental protein
– Nonruminants (including young horses) and poultry
• Limit to 25 to 33% of the protein supplement
Rapeseed (Canola) Meal
• Nutritional characteristics
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Crude protein concentration, %
Protein digestibility
Limiting amino acids
Ruminal protein degradability
TDN, %
NDF, %
Palatability
• Antiquality factors
35-40
High
Lysine
75
69
17
Low
– Goitrogens (Reduced by heating or use GM rapeseed)
• Erucic acid
• Myrosinase
• Uses
– Ruminants
• Limit to 10% of the diet
– Nonruminants and poultry
• Young swine and poultry
– Limit to 5% of diet
• Mature swine and poultry
– Lmit to 12% of diet
Peanut Meal
• Nutritional characteristics
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Crude protein concentration, %
Protein digestibility
Limiting amino acids
Ruminal protein degradability
TDN, %
NDF, %
Palatability
40-48
Low
Lysine, Methionine
77
75
14
Moderate
• Antiquality factors
– Trypsin inhibitor
– Mold (Aspergillus flavus)
• Uses
– Ruminants
• Can comprise of all of the supplemental protein
– Nonruminants and poultry
• Limit to 30% of the supplement
• Supplement with lysine and methionine
Why is the CP requirement of a 150 lb
growing-finishing pig 15% CP?
1. To meet the N requirement for pigs fed any
diet.
2. To meet the total Amino acid requirements of
pigs fed any diet.
3. To meet the lysine requirements of pigs a
corn-soybean meal diet.
4. To meet the essential amino acid
requirements of pigs fed any diet.
Synthetic Amino Acids
• Manufactured by fermentation of corn
• Economically viable
–
–
–
–
L-lysine
L-methionine
L-threonine
L-tryptophan
• Use
– Nonruminants and poultry
• Supply essential amino acids to young animals
• Reduce the amount of total crude protein required in diets
– Ruminants
• Protected forms fed to high producing dairy cows
Animal Protein Concentrates
• Byproducts of meat, dead animal rendering, poultry,
fish, or dairy processing
• Expensive relative to plant protein concentrates
• Used in small quantities
• Uses
– Supply limiting amino acids, particularly to young animals
– Replace more expensive protein sources in milk replacers
– Impart additional nonnutritional benefits to young animals
• Enhanced immune system
• Increased maturity of digestive tract
– Supply ruminally undegraded protein to ruminants with high
protein requirements
Meat Processing Byproducts
Product
Meat meal
Meat tankage
Meat processing
Meat processing and
dead animal rendering
Composition
Meat scraps
All tissue except hair,
hide, and horns
Processsing
Cooked in steamjacketed kettle
Cooked in streamjacketed kettle or
under direct steam
Blood added
No
Yes
If > 4.4%, the product
is called meat and
bone meal
If > 4.4%, the product
is cattle meat and
bone tankage
Source
P level
• Nutritional characteristics
Product
Protein concentration, %
Protein quality
Meat meal
Meat tankage
50
60
Good
Moderate
Amino acids
Good source of
Limiting amino acids
Lysine
Tryptophan, Methionine
Ruminal protein
degradability, %
50
TDN, %
72
• Uses in diets
– Nonruminants and poultry
• Feed at 5 to 10% of diet to balance lysine
– Ruminants
• Can be fed to supply ruminal undegradable protein
– Ruminants can only be fed meat meal or meat and bone
meal from nonruminant species
» Prevention of prion transfer that causes Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease)
• Blood products
– Blood meal
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dried coagulated blood
80% Crude protein
Low protein digestiblity
High lysine content, but low availability (20%)
Low isoleucine and methionine
Low ruminal degradability (25%)
Uses
– Ruminant diets
» Source of ruminally undegraded protein
– Nonruminant diets
» Only use in small quantities in diets of young
pigs
– Spray-dried blood plasma
• 78% crude protein
• High lysine content
• Contains immunoglobulins
– Stimulates immune function
• Contains peptide growth factors
– Stimulates maturation of intestinal epithelium
• Uses
– Nursery pigs
» Fed at 4 to 7% of the diet
– Milk replacers
» Can replace all of the milk protein in replacers
Fish Processing Byproducts
• Fish meal
– Produced from residues of fish processing industry or
from fish caught for purpose of making fish meal
– Nutritional characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
•
Crude protein concentration, %
Protein digestibility
Amino acid composition
Calcium, %
Phosphorus, %
B vitamins
– Uses
• Young swine and poultry
35-70
High
All essential AA
2.2
1.7
High
– Used in small quantities to supply deficient amino acids
• Little use in ruminants
– Concerns
• Expense
• Unsaturated fatty acids may become rancid
• Imparts a fishy flavor to pork
Poultry Processing Byproducts
• Poultry byproduct meal
– Composed of heads, legs, intestine, and eggs
• No feathers
– Wet or dry rendered
– Nutritional characteristics
• 55-65% crude protein
• Similar to meat and bone meal
– Uses
• Nonruminants
– Small quantities to balance lysine
• Ruminants
– Little use
• Feather meal
– Feathers are cleaned and pressure-treated
– Nutritional characteristics
• Crude protein, %
• Protein digestibility, %
• Limiting amino acids
85
75
Lysine, Methionine,
Tryptophan, Histidine
– Uses
• Nonruminants
– No more than 3% of diet
• Ruminants
– Can be used as a source of rumen undegraded protein
Dairy Processing Byproducts
• Nutritional characteristics
Product
Dried skimmilk
Dried
buttermilk
Dried whey
33
33
13
CP, % DM
Protein quality
Excellent
Fat, %
1
5
1
Lactose
35
35
61
• Uses
• Ruminant and nonruminants
• Milk replacers or starter diets
• Poultry
• Little use
• Concern
• Expense
NPN supplements
• Used in ruminant diets for supply degradable N to
the rumen bacteria
• Can not be used to meet the protein requirements of
nonruminants and poultry
• NPN sources
%N
% CP
Other
42 – 45
262-281
Most common
35
218.75
Slow release N
9
56
Supplies P
Diammonium
phosphate
17
106
Supplies P
Ammonium
sulfate
21
131
Supplies S
Urea
Biuret
Monoammonium
phosphate
PROTEIN DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS
True protein
NPN
Undegraded
Small intestine
Metabolizable
protein
Degraded
Recycled via
saliva
(20% of dietary N)
NH3
Microbial
protein
NH3
Liver
Urea
Kidney
Excreted
PROTEIN DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS
True protein
NPN
Undegraded
Small intestine
Metabolizable
protein
Degraded
Recycled via
saliva
(20% of dietary N)
TDN
NH3
Microbial
protein
NH3
Liver
Urea
Kidney
Excreted
• Major concern with feeding NPN sources
– Ammonia toxicity
– Occurs when
• Excessive NPN is fed
• NPN is not properly mixed into diet
• Inadequate energy is fed with NPN
• Thumbrules for NPN use
– Use NPN only in diets of ruminants with low to
moderate protein requirements
• Use in diets of: Feedlot steers > 600 lb
Beef cows fed low protein roughages
Dry dairy cows
• Do not use in diets of: Lactating dairy cows
Young cattle < 600 lb
– NPN should not be > 1% of the diet DM
– NPN should not be > 33% of the total N of the diet
– NPN should not be > 10 to 15% of the protein
supplement
– NPN should not be > 5% of the protein
supplement fed with a low quality roughage
– Supply adequate energy in the diet if NPN is
added.
• Grain
• Molasses
– Liquid supplements or protein tubs