Transcript Protein and Protein Supplements

Protein and Protein Supplements
Lecture 4
Calorie = the amount heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water 14.5 C to
15.5 C.
Kilocalorie (Kcal) = 1000 calorie
Mega Calorie (Mcal) = 1000 kcal or 1,000,000 calories.
Mcal/Kg (Kcal/kg) = amount of energy supplied by 1 kg of a
particular feed stuff
Kg = 2.2 lbs
Review of Nutrients
• Water
• Carbohydrates
– TDN, ME, DE, NEm and NEg and NEl (Mcal/kg. or lb.)
• Proteins ( %N X 6.25)
– CP, DP and By-pass protein (%)
• Lipids (1 gram = 2.25 as much energy as CHO)
– TDN, ME, DE, NEm and NEg and NEl (Mcal/kg. or lb.)
• Minerals
– Macro Ca, P Na Cl Mg K and S (%)
– Micro Co, Cu,I, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn(PPM or mg/kg)
• Vitamins
– A, D, E, K and water soluble (B) (IU/g, ppm, or mg/kg)
Protein
• Highest [ ], except water,
in all living organisms and
animals
• All cells synthesize
proteins
• Range from vary insoluble
to highly soluble.
• Large molecules ranging
from 35,000 to several
hundred thousand grams
• Range of function in the
body:
– Protection
– Digesting (Pepsin)
– Metabolization of
nutrients (enzymes)
– Stimulating growth
(hormones)
– Defense
(immunoglobulins
Protein cont’d
• Long chains of Amino
Acids
• Production of proteins is
regulated by genetic
material in nucleus of the
animals cells (DNA)
• Most proteins found in
plants and animals
comprised of 21 amino
acids
• Source of Amino Acids
must be provided.
• Higher animals do not
have the ability to
synthesize all the Amino
Acids (AA) required by all
tissues.
• Dietary source of AA must
be provided for most
animals
• Essential, Semi-essential
and Non Essential.
– Limiting AA = needed to
synthesize certain proteins
Monogastric versus Ruminant
• Monogastrics
– Limiting AA depends
on species and diets i.e.
– Lysine
– Methionine
– Tryptophan
• Ruminants
– Microbial population
synthesizes microbial
protein in rumen and
large intestine
– Both essential and non
essential from simple
compounds such as
Urea or Ammonia NH3
– Must have a Nitrogen
source
– Lysine and methionine
maybe limiting in High
producing Dairy cattle
Terms of Protein Nutrition
• Biological Value (BV)
– Measures the portion of
dietary protein that when
consumed are retained by
the animal
– Most proteins source in
feeding animals are 75-80%
digestible
– Closer to the animals needs
the higher the BV will be.
• By-Pass Protein (UIP) vs
(DIP)
• Escapes degradation by
microbes
• Improves protein
efficiency on NPN
sources
• Associative Effect
– Blending protein
source to improve
balance of AA in the
diet
• Deamination
– Excess AA are
absorbed and the NH2
group is removed for
new AA or converted
to urea and excreted in
urine The remaining
Carbon structure is
used to generate
energy.
Protein Cont’d
• Protein deficiency
– Signs
• Poor growth rate
• Reduced milk
production
• Reduced fertility
• High infant death rate
– Subclinical - difficult
to diagnose
• BUN or MUN values
– Mobilization of Protein
from muscle tissue.
• Excess Dietary Protein
– Expensive to producer
– Loose feces
– Fertility?
• Energy Problem not
Protein problem
– Must have adequate
water
– Urea or Non-protein
Nitrogen can cause
death from toxicity in
Ruminants if
inadequate levels of
CHO in diet
• Exceeds the amount of
NH3 that the liver can
detoxify
Protein Supplements
• Energy source do
supply some Protein
but usually not enough
to supply the total
needs of the animal
• Usually more than
20% CP
•
•
•
•
•
Animal
Marine
Plant
Microbial
Urea and Biuret
Utilization of Oilseeds for Feed
Source
Oilseed meals
Soybean
Cottonseed
Copra
Peanut
Sunflower
Canola
Total
(Million metric tons)
Crop Year
1991/92
1995/96
73.2
13.3
1.6
4.8
8.6
15.6
117.1
87.1
12.2
1.8
5.6
10.1
18.3
135.1
Typical Protein Sources
CP
EE
ADF
TDN
Ca
P
Corn Distillers
28.9
5.7
6
88
0.38
1.47
Brewers Dried
48.3
44.8
0.8
2.3
4
20
78
75
0.14
0.17
1.54
1.31
Linseed Meal
40.7
1.1
13
82
0.43
0.95
Rape Seed
44
49.6
1.2
1.4
13
10
71
81
0.72
0.36
1.01
.075
Blood meal
89.6
1.1
-
68
0.31
0.25
Meat and Bone
54
77.4
9.2
10.7
2
1
70
75
9.93
2.15
4.75
1.07
Source
Cottonseed meal
(CSM)
Soybean meal
(SBOM)
Fish meal
Oil Meals
• Soybean Oil Meal
– Quite Palatable, highly digestible, and has a
high energy value.
– Methionine is the most limiting AA for
Monogastrics
– B vitamin content is low
– Raw Soybeans have a lowered nutritive value
therefore needs to be heat treated or after oil
extracted.
Soybeans cont’d
• Dehulled, solventextracted SBOM
– Higher protein levels
• Extruded whole
Soybean
–
–
–
–
Full fat
38 %CP
18% Fat
5% fiber
• Soy Flour
– Used as a partial
replacement of milk
proteins in milk
replacers.
• Soy protein
concentrate
– Food trade product
– 70% CP
– Spun into fiber –
resembling meat
Cottonseed meal- (CSM)
• Good but variable
quality product
– Variation in processing
procedures
– 41 % but varies
between 44-48%
– Low in Cystine,
methionine,lysine.
– Low in Ca and
carotene
• Palatable in ruminants but
less so in swine and
poultry.
• Good local source
• Gossypol Toxicity
problem for monogastrics.
Two types
– Free gossypol (Toxic form)
– Bound
CSM and Gossypol
• Two types of extractions
– Prepress solvent highest bound type
– Screw press highest level of Free gossypol
• Monogastrics - levels
– 40,80,100 ppm are not a problem for layer, broilers and
swine, respectively.
– Toxicity problems can be reduced by addition of iron
salts such as Ferrous sulfate.
CSM and Ruminants
• Might be inactivated by rumen microbes
– >24g/day of free gossypol in high producing
cows resulted in:
•
•
•
•
Reduced blood hemoglobin
Erythrocyte fragility
Total protein of plasma
Elevated respiration rates
– Feeding large amounts of whole cottonseed
with CSM needs close attention.
Other Oil Meals
• Sunflower Meal
– Protein 50%
– Relatively high fiber
– Grown in cooler and
drier climates
– Better for ruminants
than monogastrics
from fiber standpoint
• Linseed meal
– Flax seed
– CP is relatively low in
comparison. (35%)
– Deficient in lysine
– High in Selenium
– High fiber poor AA
distribution and
laxative effect makes it
poor product for
poultry
Distillers or Brewery Products
• 1% of corn crop used
to manufacture beer
and liquors
– Distillers Dry grains
– Different names
depending on the grain
used
– High fiber very
palatable
• 27-29% CP
• Energy value is
medium to high
• Lysine appears to be
the most limiting AA
• Fiber levels 18-19%
• High by pass protein
– Used in dairy rations
Protein from Animal Origin
• Meat meal
• Meat and Bone meal
• Meat and Bone Tankage
– Difference is meal can not
contain blood.
– Differentiated by P content
– Tankage is standardized by
the addition of dried blood
meal.
• 81-87% digestible
protein
• Limiting AA’s are
lysine, methionine,
and threonine in
swine.
• Protein quality is
lower than fish meals
or SBOM.
Marine protein sources
• High in digestible
Protein
• High in essential AA
– Fish caught for meal
Kcal/kg
• Flavor maybe
• Fish Residue meal
objectionable if fed in
– Fish residue after
large amounts
processing
• Not digested in
Rumen – by pass
protein source.
• Two types
• Fish Meal
Single Cell Proteins-SCP
• Yeast
• Algae – potential
– Brewers dried yeast
Protein source
– Grain distillers dried yeast
• 10 times as much
– 40% CP
protein per unit of land
– High in most Vit B’s
as soybeans
• Bacterial SCP
–
–
–
–
50% protein
Low fiber content
Fresh water algae
Low Biological value
of protein
– Brewers SCP
– Rayprotm
• Paper pulp milling by
product
• 50% CP
• 10-13% fat
Non Protein Nitrogen- NPN
• Any compound that contains nitrogen but are not
present in the polypeptide form of protein
• Organic NPN include
– Ammonia NH3
– Urea
– Amides amines amino acids, and some peptides
• Inorganic NPN (usually salts)
– Ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphates and
ammonium sulfate.
NPN cont’s
• Usually refers to
added sources
• Urea
• Primarily in function
rumen
– Rapidly hydrolyzed to
ammonia and carbon
dioxide. (NH3 and
CO2)
• Ammonia is rapidly
incorporated into AA
and microbial protein
for use in the host as a
protein source.
• Thus the animal does
not utilize urea
directly. Feeding the
microbes.
• Not used in
monogastrics