Transcript Aspergillus niger

Madam Noorulnajwa Diyana Yaacob
School of Bioprocess Engineering
CO3:Ability to differentiate scopes and
importance of various biotechnological
streams.
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Agricultural Biotechnology Development
Healthcare Biotechnology Development
Industrial Biotechnology Development
R&D and Technology Acquisition
Human Capital Development
Financial Infrastructure
Legislative and Regulatory Framework
Strategic Development
Government Support and Commitment
INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: IMPACT
ON SUSTAINIBILITY
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Higher profits – lower costs (raw materials, process costs, investments, …)
Developing new products
Finding new uses for ag crops
Economic
Environment
Social
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Creating new jobs and opportunities
Rural economic diversification and growth
Lower risk for workers (lower temp.)
Less negative perception
Processes are carbon neutral – no contribution to global warming
Products and byproducts are in most cases biodegradable
Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and emissions to water and air
Using renewable resources as feedstock help conserve fossil fuels
Biotechnology: The use of nature’s toolbox for industrial proces
Bioprocess
(cells / enzymes)
Feedstock
Fermentable
sugars
Products
Specialties
Materials
Base chemicals
Fuel
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The industrial Biotechnology sector is broad.
 3 main areas in Malaysia:
Biofuels
Biocatalyst
Fine and Specialty Chemicals
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'First-generation' or conventional biofuels are
biofuels made from sugar, starch, and
vegetable oil.
Biofuel represent an alternative fuel source to
non-renewable petroleum-based fuels.
Name and Description
Source
Application
Bioethanol
Ethanol produces by
Corn, sugarcane,
breakdown of biomass molasses, wheat,
barley
Motor vehical
transport
Biodiesel
Produced from
vegetable oils from
tranesterification
process
Soybean oil
Palm Oil
Blemd with petroleum
diesel
Landfill biomass
Waste water
Other biomass and
feedstock
Turbine based
electricity gneration
Biogas
Principally
Methane,generated by
biodegradation of
feedstock
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Bioethanol are not currently produced in
Malaysia.
However initiatives are underway to develop
ethanol and other biofuels from non food
agricultural crop sources such as Jatropha
curcas and oil palm based ( trunks, fronds,
empty fruit bunch, shell and fiber)
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Biogas production using anaerobic
digestion (oxygen free) is a biological
treatment process to reduce odor,
produce energy and improve the
storage and handling characteristics
of manure.
Anaerobic digestion is the natural
breakdown of organic materials into
methane and carbon dioxide gas and
fertiliser. This process takes place
naturally, or in an anaerobic digester.
A typical anaerobic digester is a
sealed vessel, or series of vessels, in
which bacteria act without
oxygen. The organic material
contents need to be fully mixed and
warmed, usually to blood
temperature.
Biogas is the name given to the
mixture of gases formed during the
anaerobic digestion of organic
wastes.
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Biocatalyst are proteins that act to accelerate
chemical reactions by bringing chemical
compound s involved in a reaction.
Biocatalysts must be produced by living
organisms and are typically derived from
plant, animal, or microbial sources
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Malaysia’s biological diversity offers
developers of novel biocatalyst a significant
opportunity to isolate novel biocatalysts.
A variety of different biocatalyst have been
isolated from Malaysian isolated
microorganisms.
Type of Biocatalyst
Microorganisms
Lipase, lipoprotein lipase
Hunicola lanuginosa, Aspergillus
niger, Aspergilus flavus, Mucor
miehei, Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas
sp.
Protease
Bacillus megaterium, Trichoderma
sp., Aspergillus niger
Cellulase
Aspergillus niger, Tricgoderma
resei
Lignin degrading enzymes
Phanerochate chyososporium,
Humicola grisea
Tannase
Aspergillus niger,
Mannase
Aspergillus niger
Phytase
Aspergillus niger
Chitinase
Fusarium sp.
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Enzyme is an organic catalyst formed
by a living cell. Useful enzymes are
mostly obtained from plant and
animal cells, microorganisms are
now-a-days becoming excellent
sources for industrial production of
certain enzymes. Many
microorganisms are known to
excrete enzymes into their growth
media; the enzymes are used during
fermentation processes of various
industries such as pharmaceutical,
food, textile, etc. High yields and
quality of such enzyme is determined
to a great extent by suitable strain
selection and the cultural conditions.
Since these enzymes are used in
various industries, their large scale
production is essential.
Production Process
1. Fermentation
2. Formulation
3. Recovery
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Making microorganisms produce more
enzymes. Novozymes is the world leader in
developing new methods to optimize the
amount of enzymes that microorganisms can
produce. The result is cheaper products and
faster delivery to our customers.
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Fermentation to produce industrial enzymes
starts with a vial of dried or frozen
microorganisms called a production strain.
This production strain is selected to produce
large amounts of the enzyme(s) of interest.
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Sterilization – A key faciltator in the production
of enzymes
A key element of fermentation science is
sterilization. In order to cultivate a particular
production strain it is necessary to start by
eliminating all the native microorganisms present
in the raw materials and equipment. If this is not
done satisfactorily, the wild organisms will
quickly outnumber the production strain, and no
production will occur. Sterilization can be
achieved by heat and/or special filters.
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The cultivation process
The production strain is first cultivated in a small flask containing
nutrients and agar. The flask is placed in an incubator that provides the
optimal temperature for the previously frozen/dried cells to germinate.
Once the flask is ready, the cells are transferred to a seed fermentor,
which is a large tank containing previously sterilized raw materials and
water known as the medium. Seed fermentation allows the cells to
reproduce and adapt to the environment and nutrients that they will
encounter later on.
Following seed fermentation, the cells are transferred to a larger tank,
the main fermentor, where temperature, pH, and dissolved O2 are
carefully controlled to optimize enzyme production. Additional nutrients
may be added to enhance productivity. When the main fermentation is
complete, the mixture of cells, nutrients, and enzymes, referred to as
the broth, is ready for filtration and purification.
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The purpose of the
recovery process is to
separate the enzyme
from the biomass and
to produce a solution
that contains the
enzyme at a purity that
can be used for
formulation of the final
product.
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The main factors that influence the design of
an enzyme recovery process are:
1.The properties of the production organism
2. The characteristics of the enzyme
3. Product quality demands
4. The type of product to be produced
5. The environmental impact of the process
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Formulation of the enzymes is the third
important process step after fermentation
and recovery.
The nature of the enzyme protein is the
starting point of all formulation work, and
knowledge about parameters such as
solubility and compatibility is indispensable.
A new enzyme molecule with excellent
performance can fail in the market if the
enzyme is not stable during transportation
and storage.
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The industrial biotechnology sector is a key
contributor to the production of vitamins,
amino acids, and other biochemical such as
lactic acid and glycerol
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Currently, the amino
acids used in amino
acid products are
mainly manufactured
by the fermentation
method using natural
materials, similar to
yogurt, beer, vinegar,
miso (bean paste), soy
sauce, etc.
In 1989, kojic acid was first discovered
as a natural by product from the
Japanese mushroom. Since then it has
been widely use as an effective skin
lightening agent.
Kojic acid works by blocking the
production of skin melanin.
Fluidized bed Bioreactor
In fluidized bed reactors, cells are
"immobilized" in small particles which move
with the fluid. The small particles create a
large surface area for cells to stick to and
enable a high rate of transfer of oxygen and
nutrients to the cells.
Air lift Bioreactor
The draft tube is always an inner tube (this kind of airlift bioreactor is called "air-lift bioreactor with an
internal loop) or an external tube (this kind of air-lift
bioreactor is called "air-lift bioreactor with an external
loop) which improves circulation and oxygen transfer
and equalizes shear forces in the reactor
Stirred tank Bioreactor
Bubble Colum Bioreactor
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Briefly explain commercial production of
citric acid from Aspergillus niger
Briefly explain commercial production of
amylase by Bacillus subtilis.
Briefly explain commercial production of
bioethanol from starch.
Briefly explain commercial production of
biodiesel from palm oil
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