Transcript Industrial enzyme production

Industrial enzyme production
Sources of Enzymes
Biologically active enzymes may be extracted from
any living organism:
Of the hundred enzymes being used industrially,
- over a half are from fungi
- over a third are from bacteria with the
remainder divided between animal (8%) and
plant (4%) sources .
Sources f Enzymes
Microbes are preferred to plants and animals as
sources of enzymes because:
- They are generally cheaper to produce.
- Their enzyme contents are more predictable and
controllable.
- Plant and animal tissues contain more potentially
harmful materials than microbes, including
phenolic compounds (from plants).
Fungal Enzymes
Enzyme
EC
Sources
a-Amylase
3.2.1.1
Aspergillus
E
Baking
Catalase
1.11.1.6 Aspergillus
I
Food
Cellulase
3.2.1.4
E
Waste
Dextranase
3.2.1.11 Penicillium
E
Food
Aspergillus
I
Food
Lactase
3.2.1.23 Aspergillus
E
Dairy
Lipase
3.1.1.3
Rhizopus
E
Food
Rennet
3.4.23.6
Mucor
miehei
E
Cheese
Pectinase
3.2.1.15 Aspergillus
E
Drinks
Protease
3.4.23.6 Aspergillus
E
Baking
Glucose oxidase 1.1.3.4
Trichoderma
Application
E: extracellular enzyme; I: intracellular enzyme
Bacterial Enzymes
Enzyme
Sources
a-Amylase
b-Amylase
3.2.1.1
3.2.1.2
Asparaginase
3.5.1.1
Glucose
isomerase
Penicillin
amidase
Protease
Application
Bacillus
Bacillus
Escherichia
coli
E
E
Starch
Starch
I
Health
5.3.1.5
Bacillus
I
3.5.1.11
Bacillus
I
3.4.21.14
Bacillus
E
Fructose
syrup
Pharmace
utical
Detergent
INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES AND THE
ENVIRONMENT
 Enzymes can often replace chemicals or processes that present
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safety or
environmental issues. For example, enzymes can:
• Replace acids in the starch processing industry and alkalis or
oxidizing agents in fabric desizing;
• Reduce the use of sulfide in tanneries;
• Replace pumice stones for “stonewashing” jeans;
• Allow for more complete digestion of animal feed leading to less
animal waste; and
• Remove stains from fabrics. Clothes can be washed at lower
temperatures, thus saving energy. Enzymes can be used instead of
chlorine bleach for removing stains on cloth.
The use of enzymes also allows the level of surfactants to be
reduced and permits the cleaning of clothes in the absence of
phosphates.
Uses of the industrial enzymes
 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS – TEXTILES
 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS – LEATHER
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PROCESSING
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS – PAPER
FOOD AND FEED – DIGESTIVE AIDS
HOUSEHOLD & PERSONAL CARE
APPLICATIONS
FOOD/FOOD INGREDIENT –
APPLICATIONS
Enzyme Production
Production process
Single cell protein (SCP)
Single cell protein
 Single-cell protein (SCP) typically refers to
sources of mixed protein extracted from pure or
mixed cultures
of algae, yeasts, fungi or bacteria (grown on
agricultural wastes) used as a substitute for
protein-rich foods, in human and animal feeds
Production processes
 Single-cell proteins develop when microbes ferment waste materials
(including wood, straw, cannery, and food-processing wastes,
residues from alcohol production, hydrocarbons, or human and
animal excreta).
 The problem with extracting single-cell proteins from the wastes is
the dilution and cost. They are found in very low concentrations,
usually less than . Engineers have developed ways to increase the
concentrations including centrifugation, flotation, precipitation,
coagulation, and filtration, or the use of semi-permeable
membranes.
 The single-cell protein must be dehydrated to approximately 10%
moisture content and/or acidified to aid in storage and prevent
spoilage. The methods to increase the concentrations to adequate
levels and the de-watering process require equipment that is
expensive and not always suitable for small-scale operations. It is
economically prudent to feed the product locally and soon after it is
produced.
Advantages of Production
 1. Microorganisms
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have a high rate of multiplication and, hence, rapid
succession of generations (algae: 2–6 hours, yeast: 1–3 hours, bacteria: 0.5–2
hours)
2. They can be easily genetically modified for varying the amino acid
composition.
3. A very high protein content 43–85 % in the dry mass.
4. They can utilize a broad spectrum of raw materials as carbon sources, which
include even waste products. Thus, they help in the removal of pollutants also.
5. Strains with high yield and good composition can be selected or produce
relatively easily.
6. Microbial biomass production occurs in continuous cultures and the quality
is consistent, since the growth is independent of seasonal and climatic
variations.
7. Land requirements is low and is ecologically beneficial.
8. A high solar-energy-conversion efficiency per unit area.
9. Solar energy conversion efficiency can be maximized and yield can be
enhanced by easy regulation of physical and nutritional factors.
10. Algal culture can be done in space that is normally unused and so there is
no need to compete for land.
Product Safety and Quality
 Some contaminants can produce mycotoxins. Some bacterial
SCP have amino acid profiles different from animal proteins.
Yeast and fungal proteins tend to be deficient in methionine.
 Microbial biomass has a high nucleic acid content, and levels
must be limited in the diets of monogastric animals to <50 g
per day. Ingestion of purine compounds arising
from RNA breakdown leads to increased plasma levels of uric
acid, which can cause gout and kidney stones. Uric acid can be
converted to allantoin, which is excreted in urine. Nucleic acid
removal is not necessary from animal feeds but is from human
foods. A temperature hold at 64°C inactivates
fungal proteases and allows RNases to hydrolyse RNA with
release of nucleotides from cell to culture broth.
Examples
 Microbes employed include yeasts (Saccharomyces
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cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, Candida
utilis=Torulopsis and Geotrichum candidum (=Oidium
lactis)), other fungi (Aspergillus oryzae, Fusarium
venenatum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Polyporus and Trichoderma),
bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas capsulata).[11] and algae
(Chlorella andSpirulina). Typical yields of 43 to 56%, with
protein contents of 44% to 60%.
The fungus Scytalidium acidophilum grows at below pH 1,
offering advantages of:
low-cost aseptic conditions
avoiding over 100-fold dilution of the acidic hydrolysates to
pH values needed for other microbes
after the biomass is harvested, the acids can be reused.
Production process