Transcript Carbon, DS, H 14-15

Organic
Chemistry within
Biology
Image: Michael Ströck
“Macromolecules”
• Macro
– BIG
• Molecule
– More than one atom
covalently bonded
together
What makes macromolecules
different?
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Size
Shape
Components (types of elements)
Part of your diet (connect to food groups)
Functional groups
Which other elements are
essential to living things?
• CHONPS
– Carbon
– Hydrogen
– Oxygen
– Nitrogen
– Phosphorous
– Sulfur
All Macromolecules form
Monomers and Polymers
• Monomer
– Single subunit of a
macromolecule
Glucose
• Polymer
– Macromolecule made
of repeating subunits
How do you make a polymer?
Dehydration Synthesis
• To build polymers
• Lose a water
molecule
Dehydration Synthesis of
Maltose
How do you break down a
polymer?
Hydrolysis
• To break down
• Requires a water
molecule
?
Inorganic vs Organic Molecules
?
• Inorganic Molecules >
Molecules that don’t have
Carbon Hydrogen (C-H) bonds.
• The major organic molecules
(molecules with carbon-hydrogen
bonds) found in living things
are:
1. carbohydrates
2. proteins
3. lipids
4. nucleic acids
Image:
Methane : DynaBlast Wiki
Carbon is unique in many ways:
•
The atoms can bond with each other to form
long chains.
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Sometimes the ends of these chains join
together to form a ring.
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C has 4 available sites for bonding in its
valence shell, so it can form 4 single bonds.
•
Double bonds form when two atoms share
two pairs of electrons (two covalent bonds).
Which molecules are organic?
C
Ne
C2H7O2N
NaCl
CO2
MgCl2
C6H12O6
Organic Molecules - Carbohydrates
• “carbon hydrates”
• One carbon molecule to one
water molecule (CH20)n.
• Saccharide is a synonym for
carbohydrate.
• The prefixes on the word
“saccharide” relates to the
size of the molecule (mono-,
di-, tri- poly-).
Elements in the molecule!
Organic Molecules - Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
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single sugars (one molecule)
simplest
*glucose, fructose
Disaccharides
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double sugars
combination of two monosaccharides
* sucrose = glucose + fructose
* lactose = glucose + galactose
Polysaccharides
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polymers composed of several sugars
can be same monomer (many of same monosaccharide) or mixture of
monomers
Storage carbohydrates: glycogen (animals) starch (plants)
•
structural carbs: chitin (animals), cellulose (plants)
WHERE ARE THEY?
Most foods that are
high in sugar contain
monosaccharides.
Where can you find carbohydrates?
Organic Molecules - Proteins
Complex organic macromolecules fundamental to living cells.
Composed of one or more chains of amino acids.
Proteins perform many functions in cells, including:
1. Structure
• Components in cell walls, membranes, and within cells themselves.
2. Catalysts
• Chemicals that speed up, or increase the likelihood of a chemical
reaction.
• The catalysts in cells are called enzymes.
3. Regulation
• Some regulate cell function by stimulating or hindering either the
action of other proteins or the expression of genes.
4. Transportation
• Some act as channels and “pumps” that move substances into or out
of cells.
5. Defense
• Antibodies = proteins that defend your body against microorganisms
• Some bacteria produce proteins (bacteriocins) that kill other bacteria.
Images:
Enzyme: www.chemistry.wustl.edu/.../DrugStrategies.html
Protein Channel: library.thinkquest.org/27819/ch3_2.shtml
AntibodyAntigen: US Gov, pub dom
Elements Found in Protein
Definition: groups of elements that give
molecules special properties
– Sulfur
– Oxygen
– Nitrogen
– Carbon
– Hydrogen
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S
O
N
C
H
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Where Found in Foods
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Meats (beef, poultry, ostrich…)
Eggs
Dairy
Soybeans
Peanuts
http://www.csun.edu/scied/4-discrpeantevent/eggs/images/eggs-1.png
http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/images
/back_to_basics/chicken_300x19
3.jpg
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Where Found in Living Systems
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Hair and nails
Silk and spider webs
Muscle tissue
Hemoglobin (blood)
Hormones
http://www.alanbauer.com/images/Critters%2
0Small/Spider%20web%20with%20dew.jpg
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Many Kinds of Amino Acids
Monomer
• The basic unit of a protein is an amino acid
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Amino Acid Structure
• The “R” in the structure is a variable that
can be replaced by different elements to
create different types of protein.
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http://www2.glos.ac.uk/gdn/origins/images/amino.gif
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Organic Molecules – Protein Structure
Every protein has at least three levels of structure, and some four.
.
Image: www.answers.com/topic/rosetta-home
Organic Molecules – Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids (both RNA and DNA) are polymers made up of monomers called mononucleotide units.
Nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) = genetic material of cells.
Names derived from type of sugar contained within molecules = ribose
Nucleotides
Each monomer of nucleic acid is a nucleotide and consists of 3 portions:
- a sugar
- one or more phosphate groups
- one of five cyclic nitrogenous bases
+adenine, guanine (double-ringed purines)
+ cytosine, thiamine or uracil (single-ringed pyrimidines)
Image:
Ashcraft Wiki
Organic Molecules – Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acid Structure
Nucleotides linked by covalent bonds
between sugar of one nucleotide and
phosphate of next
(sugar-phosphate backbone).
Nitrogenous bases extending from it like
teeth of a comb.
Hydrogen bonds form between specific
bases of two nucleic acid chains,
forming a stable, double-helix DNA
molecule.
Image: www.geneticengineering.org/.../DNA.htm
Organic Molecules – Lipids
(Fats, Phospholipids, Waxes & Steroids)
Hydrophobic…insoluble in water.
Not attracted to water because …
non-polar covalent bonds linking carbon & hydrogen aren’t attracted to the
polar bonds of water.
Images:
Phospholipid bilayer, BensAccountWiki
BeeWithHoneycomb : www.agr.state.il.us/.../bee_with_honeycomb.jpg
What Elements are in a Lipid?
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Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Monomers in a Lipid
 Glycerol
• polar; soluble in water
• Contains –OH groups
 Fatty Acids
• saturated and
unsaturated
• Hydrocarbon chain
Polymer
Triglycerides = 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol
Where Are Lipids Found?
• Phospholipids
• Steroids
 Plasma membrane
 Cholesterol and
sex hormones
• Waxes
• Fats
 Ear wax
 Under Skin
Lipids in Foods
Types of Fatty Acids
 Saturated
 No double bonds
 Has as many
hydrogen as it can
hold
 Liquid Fat (oils)
 Unsaturated
 Has double bonds
 Each carbon has
less than two
hydrogen atoms
 Solid fats (butter)
Organic Molecules – Lipids
(Fats, Phospholipids, Waxes & Steroids)
Saturated fats
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Mostly from animal sources
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Single bonds between the carbons in
their fatty acid tails (all carbons are
bonded to max number of hydrogens
possible).
Hydrocarbon chains fairly straight and
packed closely together … so solid at
room temperature.
Unsaturated fats (oils)
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Mostly from plant sources
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Have double bonds between some
carbons in the hydrocarbon tail, causing
bends or “kinks” in shape.
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Kinks in hydrocarbon tails, so
unsaturated fats can’t pack closely
together … liquid at room temp.
Image:
biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/lipids.htm
Organic Molecules – Lipids
(Fats, Phospholipids, Waxes & Steroids)
Phospholipids
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Hydrocarbon tails Hydrophobic,
but phosphate group end are
Hydrophilic.
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So phospholipids are soluble in
both water and oil.
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Tails from both layers facing
inward and the heads facing
outward = phospholipid bilayer.
Images:
Phospholipid Bilayer: BensAccount Wiki
CellMembrane: NIST Center for Neutron Research
Organic Molecules – Lipids
(Fats, Phospholipids, Waxes & Steroids)
Waxes
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Do not have a
hydrophilic head: so
completely water
insoluble.
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Certain
microorganisms, such
as Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, are
surrounded by a waxy
wall.
What advantage would this
give the bacteria?
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Image: M. Tuberculosis CDC
Organic Molecules – Lipids
(Fats, Phospholipids, Waxes & Steroids)
Steroids
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The central core of a cholesterol
molecule (4 fused rings) is shared
by all steroids,
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Cholesterol is precursor to our
sex hormones and Vitamin D.
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Our cell membranes contain
cholesterol (in between the
phospholipids) to help keep
membrane “fluid” even when
exposed to cooler temperatures.
Images:
Lansterol : Mysid Wiki
Lipid Bylayer Cholesterol: cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/membrane_intro.htm