Transcript Animal Wholesomeness studies Food Safety Training

Animal Wholesomeness
studies
Wilna Jansen van Rijssen PhD
GMASSURE
23 - 25 November 2015
•Purpose of studies
•Animal studies to evaluate input trait from GM crops
•Animal studies to evaluate output traits from GM crops
To confirm the nutritional value of the
GM crop
USE OF ANIMAL FEEDING STUDIES:
GROWTH PERFORMANCE
• Detection of potentially unintended effects
• Broiler studies are standard component of
assessment – safety and nutrition
• Rapid growth period when sensitive to SMALL
nutritional or anti-nutritional changes
• INPUT TRAITS
•
Crop protection against diseases, insect damage, tolerance to
herbicides
• OUTPUT TRAITS
•
•
Nutritionally enhanced
Reduced levels of toxicants
POULTRY MEAT PRODUCTION
Report
/sampling
retention
Animal/
product
assessmen
t
Data
analysis
Manufac
turing
diets
Formulate
diets
Analysis
Process
Analysis
Planting/
growing/h
arvest/
storage
SEED
FLOW CHART: GM diet preparations
LIMITING VARIABILITY - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS - NUMBER OF ANIMALS
POULTRY: Diet
• Starter diet
• Grower diet
• Finisher diet
• Production, Handling, Storage, Processing crop
• Sampling, analysis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation of results
QUALITY CONTROL: Production, Handling,
Storage, Processing crop
 SOPs / records











Planting (planting design, maintenance of plots)
Field plots
Growing season
Agronomic performance
Harvesting
Transport equipment
Grain storage locations
Unloading
Storage (e.g. storage moisture)
Sample
Crops processing
QUALITY CONTROL: Sampling
(internationally agreed methods)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sample lot
Grain sampling (probe)
Hay sampling
Green chopped forage sampling
Pasture sampling
Mixed diet sampling
Handling of samples
QUALITY CONTROL: Analysis
• Analysis of :
▫
▫
▫
▫
Introduced trait
Pesticides, mycotoxins
Nutrients, anti-nutrients
Toxicants
• Analytical methods:
▫ Chemical, microbiological
NUTRIENT ANALYSIS
Crops/grain/
Co-products
Livestock type
Analyte
Grain: maize, wheat, barley
Non-ruminants
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Oilseed meals, soybean, linseed,
cottonseed, canola meal, full-fat
oilseeds
Non-ruminants
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Grain: maize, wheat, barley
Ruminants
xxxxxxxxxxxx
etc
Anti-nutrients in crops
CROP OF PRODUCT
ANTiNUTRIENT
Soy bean / soy bean meal
Trypsin inhibitors / lectins
Canola / canola meal
Rapeseed / rapeseed meal
Glucosinolates
Cotton, cottonseed, cottonseed meal
Gossypol, cyclopropenoid fatty acids
MYCOTOXINS
Aflatoxin B1
Fusarenon X
Aflatoxin B2
Deoxynivalenol (DON)
Aflatoxin G1
15- acetyl - DON
Aflatoxin G2
3-acetyl-DON
Ochratoxin A
Nivalenol
Citrinin
Zearalenone
T-2 toxin
Fumonisin B1
HT2-toxin
Fumonisin B2
Diacetoxiscirpenol
Fumonisin B3
Neosolaniol
ACCREDITED LABORATORIES
• GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES (GLP)
▫ OECD
▫ SANAS
• METHODS
•
AOAC official methods e.g.
STATEMENTS: signed
• Study leader
• Members of team
• Forms – transfer (chain of custody), storage,
field characteristics, plot plan, field history
fertilizers, herbicides
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
• Hypothesis – basic objectives, what to
accomplish
• Treatments
• Experimental units (pens?)
• Measurements
• Experimental design
• Can the experimental design be analysed
properly?
ESTIMATED NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS (BLOCKS) NEEDED TO DETECT A
TREATMENT DIFFERENCE AT P<0.05
Coefficient
of variation
(%)
EXPECTED DIFFERENCE (%)
5
10
15
20
25
2
4
3
2
-
-
3
7
3
3
2
-
4
12
4
3
3
2
5
17
6
4
3
3
6
24
7
4
3
3
566
142
63
37
24
.
.
30
Randomized complete block design with 2 treatments, two-tailed test of
significance at P<0.05, 80% power
PERFORMANCE, CARCASS YIELD, MEAT QUALITY
Item
PERFORMANCE
Live weight D0
Live weight D42
Feed intake (kg/bird) &
kg/pen)
Feed conversion factor (kg/kg)
CARCASS YIELD (relative)
Live weight/fat/thigh/
drum/wing etc
QUALITY
Moisture/protein/fat
(breast/thigh
GM soybean
Control
References
(6)
INTERPRETATION
• Non-statistical knowledge should be
incorporated
• Design and analysis should be kept simple
• Difference between statistical and practical
significance is important
Interpretation of experimental results
▫ Researchers with background and training to
interpret results
▫ Historical data – same lab and other labs
•Increased nutrient concentrations
•Decreased toxicant concentrations
Case study
• Comparison of performance and carcass
parameter when fed diets containing soybean
meal produced from GM-soy bean (HIGH
OLEIC ACID) control (nearest isoline) or
conventional reference soybeans (6 lines)
Poultry meat production
• Nutrient requirements
• Understanding of nutrient digestion,
metabolism, intermediary metabolism ,
nutritional physiology, pathology and nutrient
flow and retention in the bird
• Management of broiler performance
▫ Climate conditions, water quality
Poultry meat production
Diet formulation and processing
•Particle size, enzyme supplements, change in
starch matrix (e.g. effects on gelatinization of the
starch), anti-nutritional factors, including growth
promoters etc
•Digestibility studies (increased amounts of
cellulose or hemicellulose, increase amount of
amino acids
•Bioavailability studies (digestion, absorption,
metabolism
•Sensory (organoleptic) evaluation
PERFORMANCE /CARCASS PARAMETERS
• GM soybean meal (increased level of oleic acid)
compared with control and references
• Different levels of GM soybean ?
• Parameters
• Weight gain – feed intake – feed conversion
• Organs and muscle weights as % of carcass
weight
• Fatty acid composition of animal fat
• Liver enzymes (GOT etc) liver damage etc
CONCLUSION
• The results of this study support the conclusion that
there are no differences between the GM meal and the
control and the conventional references.
• Therefore the GM meal is equivalent to conventional in
the marketplace.
• This study confirms the results from extensive
compositional analysis which showed no nutrient and
antinutrient differences between the GM and control.
• The data support the conclusion that GM crop is as
wholesome and nutritious as the conventional crop on its
ability to support rapid growth and equivalent carcass
yield
•
International harmonisation of study protocols for livestock and poultry
performance
ILSI Best Practices ….animal studies……GM crops…output/input traits, 2007
•
VICH (2000) Good clinical practices, VICH GL9 (GCP) Available
http://vich.eudra.org/pdf/2000/G109_st7.pdf
•
Nutrient requirement of domestic animals - cattle, chickens, etc , National
Academy of Science , USA
•
Taylor et al (2007) Broiler performance and carcass parameters – diets
containing GM soymeal, Poultry Science, 86:26-14