Transcript BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

MATTER CYCLING IN
ECOSYSTEMS
Reading pp. 70-77
SOIL
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SOIL COMPOSITION
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MATTER CYCLING
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Nutrients move through air, soil, water,
rock, organisms
One of sustainability principles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09_sW
PxQymA
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http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/enger/st
udent/olc/art_quizzes/genbiomedia/0377.jpg
WATER STRUCTURE
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2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom polar
covalently bonded
Polar covalent—unequal sharing between
atoms of different elements which results
in one end being slightly negative (oxygen)
and the other being slightly positive
(hydrogen)
WATER STRUCTURE
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Water attracts other water molecules by
attraction of oppositely charged ends
Slightly negative oxygen end of one will
attract slightly positive hydrogen end of
another
Creates a hydrogen bond between
different water molecules
Cohesion—attraction between like
molecules
WATER
CHARACTERISTICS
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High specific heat  Allows aquatic
organisms to adapt to
The amount of
changing temperatures
heat needed to
raise the
temperature of one
gram of a
substance by one
degree Celsius
http://water.usgs.gov/edu/pictures/hea
t-capacity-pond.gif
WATER
CHARACTERISTICS
Heat of
vaporization
Large amount of
heat can be
absorbed to
evaporate
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http://idahoptv.org/dialogue4kids/images/s
eason11/body_waste/sweat.gif
 Cycling of water
 Cooling effect of
perspiration
WATER
CHARACTERISTICS
Universal Solvent
Dissolves variety
of substances
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 Carries dissolved
nutrients through
tissues, flush wastes
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-141126141948-conversiongate01/95/biology-form-4-chapter-4-chemical-composition-ofthe-cell-part-1-25-638.jpg?cb=1418039477
WATER
CHARACTERISTICS
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Capillary action
Result of cohesion
(attraction of like)
and adhesion
(attraction of
unlike)
http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/sites/d
efault/files/promo_images/lesson_plan/1205
04_rt_watermovement.jpg
 Water pulled up roots
against gravity
WATER
CHARACTERISTICS
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Freezing
Water bonds
expand and become
less dense
Ice floats on water
https://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/phenology
/2011/prairiePond20111110_01uwgb_newIce54
0_GaryFewless.jpg
 Insulation of
ponds/lakes
 Will not crush
organisms
l
WATER
CHARACTERISTICS
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Water filters UV that could harm aquatic
organisms
Water exists as liquid over wide
temperature ranges which limits
evaporation from oceans
WATER CYCLE
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Powered by sun and gravity
Energy absorbed—transpiration and
evaporation
Energy released—condensation
Gravity—precipitation, runoff, infiltration,
percolation
WATER CYCLE
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 Evaporation—release
of water molecules
from surface of water
bodies
 Transpiration—
release of water from
surface of leaves
http://citadel.sjfc.edu/students/kmd06085/eport/msti260/transpiration.gif
http://www.pearsonplaces.com.au/Portals/0/PearsonReader/
BookImages/PACSCI7/03/PSCI_7_3_03_04.jpg
WATER CYCLE
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Condensation—
cooling of water
vapor to create
water droplets in
clouds
http://playrific.com/images/media/water_cycle_ani
mation.png
WATER CYCLE
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Precipitation—
liquid, solid falling
in response to
gravity
http://itecideas.pbworks.com/f/1386215018/types%20of%20pr
ecip.png
WATER CYCLE
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Infiltration, surface runoff, percolation
Groundwater to recharge aquifers
Most runoff into streams and lakes to
oceans
WATER CYCLE
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Natural distillation by chemical and
biological processes (bacteria) through
evaporation and precipitation
Only about 0.024% of Earth’s water supply
is available as liquid freshwater
EFFECTS OF HUMANS
ON WATER CYCLE
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Withdrawing large quantities at rates
faster than nature can replace it
Clearing vegetation—increases runoff,
decreases infiltration that recharges
groundwater, increases flooding, soil
erosion, landslides
Wetland destruction that absorb water
EFFECTS OF HUMANS
ON WATER CYCLE
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Addition of nutrients creates overload and
affects water purification
Cycle speeding up due to increase in
temperature, increase in greenhouse gases
which can change climate patterns
Droughts, floods, storms, global warming
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CARBON CYCLE
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Through air, water, soil, organisms
Depends on photosynthesis and cellular
respiration
0.038% of troposphere is carbon dioxide
dissolved in water
Amount of carbon dioxide affects climate
Decrease causes cooling/Increase warms
CARBON DIOXIDE
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Photosynthesis—uptake carbon dioxide
Cellular respiration—releases carbon
dioxide
Decomposition—releases carbon dioxide
Deposition—incorporates carbon dioxide
Human activities—releases carbon dioxide
CARBON DIOXIDE
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http://abhsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/photosynthes
is_1.jpg/390244350/photosynthesis_1.jpg
http://cdn.vectorstock.com/i/composite/44,84/co
ws-grazing-in-farm-vector-1034484.jpg
CARBON CYCLE
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https://s-media-cacheak0.pinimg.com/236x/27/67/74/2767742bbe9f211fe494
4626d23d6a6c.jpg
CARBON DIOXIDE
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http://image.slidesharecdn.com/fossilfuel150325151322-conversion-gate01/95/fossil-fuel6-638.jpg?cb=1427296646
http://worldwidestar.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/fo
ssil_fuels.gif
CARBON DIOXIDE
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Aquatic ecosystems—Carbon dioxide
dissolved in water
Phytoplankton (photosynthesis) eaten
Cellular respiration of plants and animals
Shelled animals incorporate carbon dioxide
into shells/skeletons (calcium carbonate)
Die; sediment sinks  pressured into
limestone  breakdown releasing carbon
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EFFECTS OF HUMANS
ON CARBON CYCLE
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Alter temperature and precipitation
Raises sea level
Disrupts global food production
Disrupts wildlife habitat
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NITROGEN CYCLE
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Nitrogen-fixation
Ammonification
Nitrification
Assimilation
Denitrification
NITROGEN CYCLE
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Cycles through air, water, oil, organisms
78% of troposhere
Necessary in protein, nucleic acids, ATP,
vitamins
Convert atmospheric nitrogen by nitrogenfixation (terrestrial) and atmospheric
fixation by lightning
NITROGEN CYCLE
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Atmospheric nitrogen  to ammonia
Ammonia  ammonium ion
Ammonia/Ammonium ion nitrites (toxic)
 nitrates
Nitrates  nucleotides and amino acids
Decomposition/Excretion 
Ammonification
Nitrates  atmospheric nitrogen
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SULFUR CYCLE
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Stored in underground rocks/minerals
Sulfate salts in ocean sediment
Hydrogen sulfide from volcanoes, bogs
Sulfur dioxide from volcanoes
Sea spray (sulfate salts)
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SULFUR DIOXIDE
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 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzPeA9oQNl8