Transcript Interaction of light intensity and CO 2 partial pressure on spinach

Environmental control to increase the nutritional value of vegetables in
BLSS
Walter Stefanoni1, Simona Proietti1, Stefano Moscatello1, Guglielmo Santi1, Giuseppe Colla2, Alberto Battistelli1
1 CNR Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, via Guglielmo Marconi, 05010 Porano (TR) Italy. Tel. +39 0763374910. Email: [email protected]
2 Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università della Tuscia, via San
Camillo De Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo (VT) Italy. Tel: +39 0761-357536.
Part of this work was funded by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs under the Italy -USA scientific and technological cooperation agreement.
Project: Sviluppo di una serra gonfiabile per la crescita delle piante, la produzione di cibo e il supporto alla vita nello spazio. ID 00071
Workshop on Bioregenerative Life Support Turin, 18-19 May 2015
Source tissues
Gas exchange
Photosynthesis
Mineral nutrition
Water relations
Sink tissues
Metabolism
Primary metabolism
Secondary metabolism
(Photosynthesis. respiration ,
growth ….)
Synthesis of carbohydrates
Synthesis of amino acids
Synthesis of organic acids
Synthesis of fatty acids
Mineral ions
(Estimated >200000 compounds
defense and interaction with the
environment)
Flavonoids
Phenolic acids
Lignans
Carotenoids
Tocopherols and tocotrienols
Quinones
Sterols
Alkaloids
Glucosinolates
Fruit and vegetables contain most if not all essential components of human nutrition
They can also contain metabolites that can positively or negatively affect our nutritional
and health status.
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Oxalic acid
Polyalcohols
Β-carotene
Nitrate
Anthocyanins
Carbohydrates
Ascorbic acid
Fiber-fructans
Polyphenols
Proteins
Tocopherols
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Lycopene
Plant metabolism is strongly dependent on environmental factors (optimal and
stress conditions), including those related to cultivation techniques
a. Light (quantity, quality and photoperiod)
b. Temperature (all enzymatic processes, water relations and gas exchange, cell cycle and
respiration)
c. Atmosphere composition (CO2, O2, H2O, O3, VOCs, pollutants)
d. Composition of the growing medium (soil, water, mineral nutrients, osmotic potential,
pollutants)
e. Biotic environment (other organisms in the same environment, other cultivated species,
symbiotic microorganisms, pathogens)
The aim of our work is to study how environmental factors that we have to
control in BLSS, can be used to increase the positive characteristics of plant food
while decreasing the negative ones.
Workshop on Bioregenerative Life Support Turin, 18-19 May 2015
LIGHT
Low light
Bassa Luce
200 PFD
200± ±5050 PFD
High
light
Alta
Luce
800±PFD
50
800
50 ±PFD
800 ± 50
200 ± 20
-2
µmol quanta m
s-1
µmol quanta m-2
s-1
Plant Fresh Weight (g)
11.20
a
3.70
b
% S. S. Leaf
12.00
a
10.70
b
Shoot/Root
3.20
b
5.60
a
0.76
b
0.84
a
123.00
a
52.00
b
15.60
b
19.30
a
6.60
a
5.30
b
11.90
b
16.20
a
LWR (Leaf Weight
Ratio)
LA (cm2)
2
-1
SLA (m kg fw leaf)
SLDW (kg fw
-1
2
m )
-1
LAR (m2 kg fw plant)
Total Chlorophylls
(µg/cm2)
Chlorophyll a/b
40.00
30.00
2.80
3.20
•At the lower light intensity the dry and fresh weight and the leaf area were reduced.
•Leaves were thinner under low light as showed by the specific leaf dry weight (SLDW) and they showed a
higher shoot/root ratio.
Workshop on Bioregenerative Life Support Turin, 18-19 May 2015
LIGHT
Bassa Low
Luce light
200200
PFD ±
± 50
50 PFD
High
light
Alta Luce
PFDPFD
± 50
800800
± 50
3
3
2
2
1
1
Sucrose (µmol . mgchl-1)
60
0
Fructose (µmol . mgchl-1)
4
200 PAR
800 PAR
200 PAR
800 PAR
0
60
200 PAR
800 PAR
200 PAR
800 PAR
45
45
30
30
15
15
0
Starch (µmol . mgchl-1)
Glucose (µmol . mgchl-1)
4
0
0
2
4
6
8
Time in the light period
10
0
2
4
6
8
10
Time in the light period
High light increased carbohydrate content of spinach leaves.
Workshop on Bioregenerative Life Support Turin, 18-19 May 2015
TEMPERATURE
480
A
Glucose (+ 52,4 %)
Fructose (+ 35,4 %)
420
a
a
n.s.
•At the lower temperature dry weight and
specific leaf dry weight (SLDW) increased,
while the chlorophyll content is higher
•Carbohydrate content increased in spinach
leaves growth under low temperature.
360
420
360
a
300
300
240
240
180
a
b
180
b
120
120
60
60
0
0
C
Sucrose (+ 51,4 %)
420
360
Starch (+ 45,8 %)
a
360
a
300
300
b
240
180
D
420
240
180
b
120
120
60
60
0
0
25 °C
10 °C
X Data
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B
Exosi equivalents (µmol . g fw-1)
480
Exose equivalents (µmol . g fw-1)
SLDW (Kg DW-1 m2)
Dry weight (%)
Chl (µg · cm-2)
Temperature level
25 °C
10°C
5.1 ± 0.27
b
7.2 ± 0.33
11.9 ± 0.31
b
16.4 ± 0.51
25.0 ± 4.00 n.s.
29.0 ± 2.00
Exose equivalents (µmol . g fw-1)
Leaf parameters
25 °C
25 °C
25 °C
10 °C
Exose equivalents (µmol . g fw-1)
10 °C
10
°C
What about positive VS negative metabolites composition in relation to the environment ?
Workshop on Bioregenerative Life Support Turin, 18-19 May 2015
LIGHT
Low light
200 ± 50 PFD
Bassa Luce
200 PFD ± 50
High
Alta light
Luce
800 PFD ± 50
800
± 50 PFD
High light increased the
ascorbate content while
decreasing the content of
oxalic acid and nitrate ion.
Workshop on Bioregenerative Life Support Turin, 18-19 May 2015
TEMPERATURE
10 °C
10
°C
25 °C
25 °C
Acclimation
of
spinach
plants to low temperature (5
days) caused an increase of
the ascorbic acid content
but no changes in the oxalic
acid content.
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What about the interactive effects of different environmental
parameters on plant growth and food quality?
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Interaction of light intensity and CO2 partial pressure on spinach
No interaction
Interaction
•Additive effects on productivity (strong by both light and CO2)
•Interaction only on chlorophyll.
Workshop on Bioregenerative Life Support Turin, 18-19 May 2015
Interaction of light intensity and CO2 partial pressure on spinach
Additive effects on ascorbic acid (stronger by CO2)
Workshop on Bioregenerative Life Support Turin, 18-19 May 2015
Light intensity and CO2 partial pressure in spinach
No interaction
between light intensity and CO2
partial pressure on the leaf content
of carbohydrates
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Interactive effects on
the contentof Nitrate
and oxalic acid
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Current activities
Investigation of environmental control of growth conditions on valuable metabolites
accumulation
Light quality
Metabolites with nutraceutical value (vitamins, antioxydants, fibres…..)
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CONCLUSIONS
The control of growing environmental parameter can be used for the modulation
of the desired food outputs from a fully controlled plant growing unit, not only in
quantitative but also in qualitative AND PARTICULARLY NUTRITIONAL terms.
This is also true for the control of growing condition on hearth.
Positive and negative nutritional traits must be considered, as shown here for the
effect of light intensity temperature, CO2 partial pressure and the interaction
among light and CO2 partial pressure, on the content of SUGARS, ASCORBIC ACID,
NITRATE and OXALIC ACID.
Environmental control has a very high potential for future application in
greenhouse agriculture, functional food production, nutraceuticals and plant
derived drugs production.
Workshop on Bioregenerative Life Support Turin, 18-19 May 2015
…to be continued in EDEN –ISS……
EDEN ISS Project Reference: 636501
Funded under: H2020-COMPET-2014 - Competitiveness of the European Space Sector: Technology and
Science
Title: Ground Demonstration of Plant Cultivation Technologies and Operation in Space for Safe Food
Production on-board ISS and Future Human Space Exploration Vehicles and Planetary Outposts
Workshop on Bioregenerative Life Support Turin, 18-19 May 2015