Transcript B. bronchiseptica

GENUS BORDETELLA
GENUS BORDETELLA
Gram-, rod
motile & non-motile
oxidase +
catalase +
non-fermentative
amino acid as source of energy
peritrichous flagella
non-spore forming
commensals on m.m. of upper respy tract of animals
Colonies of B. bronchiseptica.
B. bronchiseptica.
HABITAT
B. bronchiseptica
- parasite of ciliated epithelium of
respiratory tract of mammals
- inhabit in upper respiratory tract of
susceptible animals such as pig dog
cat rabbit horse guinea pig etc.
B. avium - upper respiratory tract of infected fowl
CLASSIFICATION
1. B. bronchiseptica animals
2. B. avium
turkey coryza (rhinotracheitis)
3. B. pertussis
man-pertussis (whooping cough)
4. B. parapertussis man-parapertussis
TRANSMISSION
B. bronchiseptica
mammals - 1rycause, airborne
carrier animal, shed the organisms is
the important source of organism
B. avium
poultry - direct contact, by aerosal, water, litter
(environment sources)
B. bronchiseptica
PATHOGENESIS
Disease of ciliated epithelium in respiratory tract
exhibit phase changes correlated with
virulence identified by colonial appearance
Virulence phase (phase I)
filamentous hemagglutinin
pertactin, fimbriae
(allow attachment to the cilia)
Avirulence form (phase IV)
after repeated subculture
different colonial morphology
PATHOGENICITY
a mild form of atrophic rhinitis
and bronchopneumonia
rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, bronchitis
domestic and wild animals are affected
most prevalence in swine, guinea pig
rare in man
no report in ruminant
B. bronchiseptica
- the agent alone causes temporary turbinate atrophy
by disturbing osteoblast physiology,
transient and self limiting
- combined infection with Pasteurella multocida
causing atrophic rhinitis [AR]
- AR affects pig at 3 wks to 7 months leading to
turbinate destruction and 2ry complication
young animal, non-immune adult, more susceptible
infection in adult, mild, subclinical
Virulence Factor :
Virulence Factor
B. bronchiseptica and
B.avium
Activity
B.bron
B.avium
Filamentous
haemagglutinin
Bind to cilia*
+
-
Pertactin
Bind to cells*
+
+
Fimbriae
Attachment to cell*
+
+
Adenylate-cyclase
-hemolysin
Interfere phagocytic cell
function
+
-
Tracheal cytotoxin
Inhibit ciliary fn, kills
ciliated cells, induce skin
necrosis, impair
osteogenesis, toxic for
osteoblast
+
+
Dermonecrotic toxin
osteotoxin
LPS
Stimulate cytokine
release
+
+
+
+
+
+
Pathogenesis B. bronchiseptica
Score 5
Atrophic rhinitis.
Canine infectious tracheobronchitis
Kennel cough
most prevalent respiratory complexes
B. bronchiseptica, canine parainfluenza virus,
canine adenovirus etc.
*coughing, retching, dog remain alert, non-febrile
* tenacious mucoid to mucopurulent exudate
* variable involvment of lungs and adjacent lympnode
* self-limiting unless complicated by bronchopneumonia
* mild upper respiratory tract infection in cat
TRANSMISSION
Direct contact or aerosal
Clothing, feeding utensil
Kennel, petshop, animal shelter
Bronchopneumonia in dog
Canine infectious tracheobronchitis(kennel cough)
IMMUNITY
local antibody (IgA) is believed to block
B. bronchiseptica colonization in pigs (4days after PI)
but unable to remove attached bacteria
clearance require several weeks
ISOLATION & IDENTIFICATION
1. Nasal swab from pig, tracheal swab or sinus from
chicks.
2. Tracheal aspiration fluid
3. Blood agar & Mac Conkey agar
biochemical test
B. avium
(urease –ve)
B. bronchiseptica) (urease +ve)
4. Virulent isolate agglutinate red blood cells
(ovine, bovine, guinea pig), identify B. avium
5. Inoculate organism into guinea pig caused death
6. Serological tests which have been developed are of
limited value
Bordetella avium [turkey coryza]
rhinotracheitis in turkey and fowl
- highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease
- morbidity is high, mortality is low (< 5%)
- recover 2 wks after infection or longer (6 wks)
- young chicken usually affected
- environment induce infection
Bordetella avium
Turkey coryza
* produce hemagglutinin agglutinate
quinea pig RBC and correlates with
pathogenicity
spread from direct contact by aerosols
and from environmental sources
* mucus accumulates in the nares with
swelling in the submaxillary sinuses
* beak-breathing excessive lacrimation
* 2ry infection with E.coli
Diagnosis
* clinical sign & gross pathology
* isolation & identification B. avium from
sinus and tracheal exudates
* virulent isolate agglutinate guinea-pig RBC
* ELISA
Bordetella spp.
Host
B. bronchiseptica
Pigs
AR
dogs
canine infectious
tracheobronchitis
kitten
pneumonia
horse
respiratory infection
rabbit
avium
B. parapertussis
B.
Lab. rodent
turkeys
lambs
Disease conditon
upper respiratory
infection
bronchopneumonia
coryza
pneumonia
GENUS BRUCELLA
GENUS
Gram-rod
non-motile
BRUCELLA
catalase+, oxidase+
(except B.ovis, B.neotomae)
not produce acid from CHO
non-spore forming aerobe (microaerophilic)
parasite of man and animal (zoonosis)
all pathgenic - both male & female reproductive organ
- reticuloendothelial system
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
B. abortus
B. suis
B. melitensis
B. ovis
B. canis
B. neotomae
cattle
swine
goat & sheep
sheep & esp. ram
dog
desert wood rat
Zoonotic infection
Brucellosis in man
Undulant fever
TRANSMISSION
m. m. of intestinal tract, genital tract,
conjunctiva, skin abrasion, inhalation
ingestion - most common
transplacental transmission
PATHOGENESIS
- able to survive and multiply within
cells of reticuloendothelial system
and tissue associated
- facultative intracellular bacteria
- granulomatous inflammatory reaction
virulence factor
ability to invade and survive within host
inhibition of fusion of phagosome-lysosome is
GENUS
BRUCELLA
major mechanism
of intracellular
survival
major outer membrane & LPS -smooth form
lack outer membrane & LPS - rough form- less virulent
LPS - enhance intracellular survival
various stress proteins allow the organism to adapt
within macrophage
PATHOGENICITY
point of entry (m.m.)
intracellular of monocytes & macrophages
bacteremic phase
regional lymphnodes (proliferate or killed)
lymph & blood stream
reproductive organs &
associated gland in sexually mature animals
granulomatous, nodules, abscess
Specific host
[cattle, swine, goat, sheep]
organisms preferential localized at reproductive organ
of pregnant animals
mammary gland, gravid uterus,* placenta*
associated lymph nodes
testes, genital organs, epididymis*
growth factor erythritol, fetal fluid,* chorion* etc.
non-specific host
mammary gland
reticulo-endothelial system
bacteremia
BRUCELLOSIS IN ANIMALS
abortion results from:
• interfere with fetal circulation due to
placentitis
• endotoxin
• fetal stress because of inflammatory
response in fetal tissues
BRUCELLOSIS IN ANIMALS
Brucella abortus
(Bang’s disease)
cattle, (sheep)
abortion at 5-6 months or more (once)
• weak calves
• infection of mammary gland &
associated lymphnodes persist per year
shed organisms in milk intermittently
• not apparent
• orchitis, epididymitis
• organisms in semen
Brucella suis
swine
• more chronic in reproductive organs
• long time bacteremia with or without
local infection
occassion in uterus, metritis intermittent
• abortion at any time, stilbirth,
• decrease litter size, weak piglets,
• arthritis in piglets
• abscess in tissue
orchitis, sterility (permanent or temporary)
Brucella melitensis
goat & sheep
• the same as in cattle, arthritis
• sheep more resistant than goat
• mastitis may occur in goat
Brucella ovis
sheep (high specificity)
• rarely abortion, placentitis
more susceptible than female
• orchitis, impaired fertility, epididymitis
Brucella canis
dog [only host]
• abortion around 50 days, infertility
• rapidly spread
infertiliy, orchitis, epididymitis
Brucellosis in man
B. melitensis, B. suis
B. abortus,
B. canis
Orchitis caused by B. melitensis
B. ovis
orchitis
Brucellosis in man
B. melitensis, B. suis
B. abortus,
B. canis
transmission
contact with excretion of infected animal
skin abrasion
inhalation
ingestion
Brucellosis as zoonosis.
Routes of infection.
Brucellosis in humans (Undulant fever)
* 1ry disease of the reticulo-endothelial system
* raw milk and dairy product made with
unpasteurized milk are important
sources of infection
* skin abrasion, inhalation, ingestion are the
routes of infection
* present as fluctuating pyrexia, fatique
muscle, and joint pain
* mild lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly,
hepatomegaly
* osteomyelitis is common complication
* severe infections
B. melitensis
B. suis biotype1 and 2
* moderately severe
B. abortus
* mild
B. canis
ISOLATION
enriched media with blood, liver
B. abortus, B. ovis need 10% C02
Live animal
- fluid samples, abscess materials
- blood, milk, semen, vaginal exudate from abortion
blood culture for B. canis (long bacteremia)
Carcass
- organs
- tissue in macrophage system, supramammary,
retropharyngeal, internal iliac, lumbar,
mesenteric lymph nodes
- liver, spleen, uterus, joint fluid
Aborted fetus
- placenta, fetal membrane, abomasal content
IDENTIFICATION
1. Biochemical tests, oxidase+, urease+
growth in dyes at different concentration
[Thionin, Basic Fuchsin]
2. Rose-Bengal plate test (screening, agglutination)
confirmed by CFT or ELISA
3. Slide agglutination for biotypes using A M R
monospecific sera
4. Inoculate of affected tissues in guinea pig.
[in case of contaminated samples or few organisms]
- pure isolated from guinea pig
- high titre against Brucella
IMMUNITY
vaccine apply in calf and cattle
delayed-type hypersensitivity against endotoxin
Differentiation of Brucella species and their biotypes
species
B. melitensis
B. abortus
biotypes
agglutination in sera
A
M
R
1
-
+
-
2
+
-
-
3
+
+
-
1
+
-
-
2
+
-
-
3
+
-
-
4
-
+
-
5
-
+
-
6
+
-
-
7
+
+
-
9
-
+
-
Differentiation of Brucella species and their
biotypes(cont.)
species
biotypes
agglutination in sera
A
M
R
1
+
-
-
2
+
-
-
3
+
-
-
4
+
+
-
B. canis
-
-
+
B. ovis
-
-
+
B. neotome
+
-
-
B. suis
Colonies of B. abortus in brucella agar.
thionin
Basic fuchsin
GENUS ALCALIGENES
GENUS ALCALIGENES
Gram non-spore forming
rod (bacilli)
peritrichous flagella
motile & non-motile
non-fermentative
oxidase+
catalase +
HABITAT
saprophyte
•intestine of vertebrates
• milk product
• other foods, sea
• decompose
Alcaligenes group
• maybe part of the normal human flora
• isolated from human respiratory tract, renal system
• occasionally isolated from urine, blood
spinal fluid, wound, and abscess
Alcaligenes faecalis
recover from animals except poultry is infrequent
is not ordinarily considered pathogenic
Alcaligenes xylosoxidans
(Achromobacter xylosoxidans)
has been isolated from many body sites
very uncommon as a sole cause of infection
bacteremia (teeth rocking with forcep),
meningitis (after gunshot wound)
ISOLATION
MacCongey agar and Blood agar
Urease -ve
A. faecalis