Transcript 8 - Quia
Williams' Basic Nutrition & Diet Therapy 14th Edition Chapter 8 Minerals Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Nature of Body Minerals 1. The human body requires a variety of minerals to perform numerous metabolic tasks. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Nature of Body Minerals (p. 128) Building blocks of life-4 elements* ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen 25 elements also are essential to human life Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Classes of Body Minerals (p. 128) Classes of body minerals ◦ Major minerals: recommended intake of more than 100 mg/day Calcium-2% of our total body weight* Phosphorus Sodium Potassium Magnesium Chloride Sulfur ◦ Trace minerals 18 elements Recommended intake of less than 100 mg/day-smaller amounts needed in the body* Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Classes of Body Minerals Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Functions of Minerals (p. 129) Functions of minerals ◦ Building tissue ◦ Activating, regulating, transmitting, and controlling metabolic processes Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Mineral Metabolism (p. 129) Mineral metabolism ◦ Digestion: minerals do not require much digestion ◦ Absorption: rate determined by food form, body need, tissue health ◦ Transport: enter through portal circulation, bound to proteins ◦ Tissue uptake: controlled by hormones, excess excreted in urine ◦ Occurrence in the body: basic forms are free ions and covalently bound Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Major Minerals (p. 130) Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Potassium Chloride Magnesium Sulfur Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Calcium (p. 130) Absorption controlled by 3 factors: ◦ Calcitonin, PTH, vitamin D* Functions ◦ Bone and tooth formation ◦ Blood clotting-essential for formation of fibrin* ◦ Muscle and nerve action ◦ Metabolic reactions: absorption of B12, activation of pancreatic lipase, secretion of insulin, cell membrane permeability Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Calcium (cont’d) (p. 130) Requirements: 1000 mg/day for men and women 19 to 50 Deficiency states ◦ Rickets-softening of bones* ◦ Hypocalcemia-may result in tetany* ◦ Osteoporosis Toxicity symptoms: hypercalcemia *Food sources ◦ Milk is the major food source ◦ Green vegetables, fish with bones, fortified food Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Calcium *Oxalic acid is a compound that is found in plants such as spinach and it interferes with the intestinal absorption of calcium *Phytate-found in grains such as wheat can bind with calcium and interferes with its intestinal absorption Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Calcium (cont’d) (p. 131) Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Phosphorus (p. 132) Functions ◦ Bone and tooth formation ◦ Energy metabolism: oxidation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein; protein construction; cell function; genetic inheritance ◦ Acid–base balance-chemical buffer that helps to maintain the ph homeostasis of body fluids* Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Phosphorus (cont’d) (p. 133) Requirements: 700 mg/day Deficiency states: hypophosphatemia Toxicity symptoms *Food sources ◦ Milk, milk products, fish, eggs Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Sodium (p. 135) Functions ◦ Water balance-main function* Ionized sodium concentration is the major influence on the volume of body water outside of the cells (extracellular) ◦ Muscle action ◦ Nutrient absorption Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Sodium (cont’d) (p. 136) Requirements ◦ AI: 1.5 g/day ◦ UL: 2.3 g/day Deficiency states: hyponatremia Toxicity symptoms: salt sensitivity and hypertension, hypernatremia Food sources ◦ Table salt, cured meat, canned soups, processed food Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Potassium (p. 137) Functions ◦ Water balance *major intracellular electrolyte ◦ Metabolic reactions Energy production Conversion of blood glucose to glycogen Synthesis of muscle protein ◦ Muscle action ◦ Insulin release ◦ Blood pressure: role in hypertension Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Potassium (cont’d) (p. 137) Requirements: AI: 4.7 g/day Deficiency states: hypokalemia ◦ Likely to develop during clinical situations such as prolonged vomiting or diarrhea* Toxicity symptoms: hyperkalemia Food sources ◦ Fruits, vegetables, leafy greens, whole grains, fresh meats Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Chloride (p. 138) *Found ECF Functions ◦ *Digestion: component of hydrochloric acid ◦ Respiration: chloride shift Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Chloride (cont’d) (p. 138) Requirements: AI: 2.3 g/day Deficiency states: through vomiting Toxicity symptoms: from severe dehydration Food sources: table salt Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Magnesium (p. 139) Functions ◦ *General metabolism: necessary catalyst for ~300+ reactions in cells ◦ *Protein synthesis: activates amino acids, role in synthesis and maintenance of DNA ◦ *Muscle action-conduction of nerve impulses that stimulate muscle contraction ◦ Basal metabolic rate: influences secretion of thyroxine Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Magnesium (cont’d) (p. 139) Requirements: ~300 to 400 mg/day Deficiency states: hypomagnesemia, rare with balanced diet Toxicity symptoms: excessive supplements may produce GI symptoms Food sources ◦ Nuts, soybeans, cocoa, seafood, peas, green vegetables Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Sulfur (p. 140) Part of the amino acids cysteine and methionine* Functions ◦ Hair, skin, nails General metabolic functions ◦ High-energy bond ◦ Transfer energy Vitamin structure: component of thiamin and biotin Collagen structure-important in the building of connective tissue* Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Sulfur (cont’d) (p. 140) Requirements: not stated, obtained through amino acids methionine and cysteine Deficiency states: not reported Toxicity symptoms: unlikely Food sources: animal proteins ◦ Meat, nuts, soy, fish, cheese, eggs Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Trace Minerals 4. A mixed diet of varied foods and adequate energy value is the best source of the minerals necessary for health. 5. Of the total amount of minerals a person consumes, only a relatively limited amount is available to the body. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Trace Minerals (p. 140) Iron Iodine Zinc Selenium Fluoride Copper Manganese Chromium Molybdenum Other essential trace minerals Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Iron (p. 140) Functions ◦ *Hemoglobin synthesis ◦ General metabolism: Proper glucose metabolism Antibody production Drug detoxification in the liver Collagen and purine synthesis *Conversion of carotene to vitamin A Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Iron (cont’d) (p. 140) Requirements ◦ 8 to 11 mg/day for males ◦ 8 to 18 mg/day for females *Deficiency states: anemia Toxicity symptoms ◦ Overdose from supplements ◦ Hemochromatosis Food sources ◦ Heme ◦ Nonheme ◦ *body absorbs iron more easily when it is taken along with vitamin C Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Iodine (p. 144) Functions: participation in thyroid gland’s synthesis of thyroxine ◦ T3 and T4* Requirements: 150 mcg/day Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Iodine (cont’d) (p. 145) Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Iodine (cont’d) (p. 145) Deficiency states ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ *Goiter Cretinism Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Toxicity symptoms *Food sources ◦ Iodized table salt, seafood; depends on soil content Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 31 Zinc (p. 146) Important during growth periods such as pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood and adolescence* Functions ◦ Enzyme constituent ◦ Immune system ◦ Other functions Requirements ◦ 11 mg/day for males ◦ 8 mg/day for females Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 32 Zinc (cont’d) (p. 147) Deficiency states ◦ Poor wound healing ◦ Impaired taste and smell ◦ *acrodermatitis Rare autosomal recessive disorder that results in severe zinc deficiency and death Toxicity symptoms Food sources ◦ Meat, seafood, legumes, whole grains Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 33 Selenium (p. 148) Functions ◦ Aids in protection from free radicals Requirements ◦ RDA: 55 mcg/day Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms *Food sources ◦ Seafood, kidney, liver; depends on soil content Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 34 Fluoride, Copper, Manganese (p. 149) Fluoride ◦ *Functions by preventing dental caries ◦ Exceeding UL may cause fluorosis Copper ◦ *“Iron twin” ◦ Metabolized similar to iron and is a component of cell enzymes* Manganese ◦ Inhalation toxicity Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 35 Chromium, Molybdenum, Other Essential Trace Minerals (p. 150) Chromium ◦ Previously thought to reduce insulin resistance Molybdenum ◦ Inadequate dietary intake improbable Other essential trace minerals ◦ Aluminum, arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon, tin, vanadium Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 36 Manganese Function ◦ Component of cell enzymes Toxicity accumulates in the liver and CNS produces neuromuscular symptoms similar to Parkinsons disease* Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Mineral Depletion *diuretics ◦ Deplete sodium and potassium Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Mineral Supplementation (p. 151) Life cycle needs ◦ Pregnancy and lactation: for both fetus and mother ◦ Adolescence: rapid bone growth ◦ Adulthood: postmenopausal women Clinical needs ◦ Iron-deficiency anemia ◦ Zinc deficiency Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.