Transcript Body Systems

• Cell:
Unit Preparation
Systems to Study:
•
•
•
•
Digestive
Respiratory
Circulatory
Excretory
Homeostasis
• Body systems maintain homeostasis
using negative feedback loops which
consist of:
• Sensor
• Control Centre
• Effector
In this chapter, you will learn:
• Macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are made up of
smaller subunits that are chemically separated through hydrolysis.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts.
• The digestive tract is a tube extending from the mouth to the anus through which food is
broken down, nutrient molecules absorbed, and undigested material eliminated.
• Food is processed mechanically and chemically to reduce macromolecules to a form in
which they may be absorbed into the bloodstream.
• An excess or deficiency of nutrients can lead to disorders that can be diagnosed and treated
but not necessarily cured.
1. Physical
Chemical
Absorption
As you may have heard your body is made mostly (>60%) of water.
This water is held in one of three main fluid compartments.
Molecule
Subunits
Functions
Examples
carbohydrates
sugars (glucose) and
polymers of glucose
energy storage
sugars, starches, and
glycogen
lipids
glycerol & 3 fatty
acids or glycerol & 2
fatty acids
energy storage and
cell membranes
fats, oils, and
phospholipids
proteins
polymers of amino
acids
transport, blood
clotting, support,
immunity, catalysis,
and muscle action
hemoglobin, fibrin,
collagen, antibodies,
enzymes, actin, and
myosin
nucleic acids
polymers of
nucleotides
Transfer & expression
of genetic info
DNA and RNA
Dehydration Synthesis
– synthesis of
macromolecules
Hydrolysis Reaction –
macromolecules are
broken down
Anabolism
dehydration synthesis
“Anabolism Made Me Strong”
Catabolism
hydrolysis
Synthesis of a Dipeptide
Amino acids are strung together to make chains = protein
Fig. 6.7
•
•
• Enzyme Function
2.
• Enzymes
•
•

Binds with active site preventing substrate from binding
• Competitive
• Non-competitive
Enzyme Inhibition
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b20VRR9C37Q
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uzl6M1YlU3w
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-U5JyODRVng
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URHBBE3RKEs
• Chief Cell:
• Rennin:
• Parietal Cells:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWMWsOXlBwE
http://www.pinterest.com/pin/105623553735136911/
http://www.businessinsider.com/cow-lives-with-a-hole-in-herstomach-2013-10
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l4vREUUv9Lw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_-Rmk8Mfwk
- The inside wall of the
SI has millions of
projections called villi on
which are located
microvilli
- This is the site of
absorption of digested
nutrients
C6H12O6 and aas move through the cells of the intestinal wall to the blood
stream by active transport.
Fig. 6.22
Fig. 6.23
Glycerol and fatty acid molecules diffuse into the cells of the intestinal
wall where they are resynthesized into fats, coated with proteins, and
move into lymph vessels for eventual transport into the bloodstream.
Fig. 6.24
 Food is moved
through the SI by
peristalsis
Fig. 6.15
• Jejunum
1.
2.
3.
4.
Absorbs water, minerals and salts
Decomposes left-over organic material with the
help of resident bacteria
Produces vitamin B, vitamin K and folic acid
(needed for blood cell production)
Stores and eliminates solid wastes and feces
when appropriate