Transcript ES Chapter Fifteen

CHAPTER FIFTEEN: FOOD
AND AGRICULTURE
Section One: Feeding the World

Humans and Nutrition
 Famine:
widespread starvation caused by a shortage
of food
 Malnutrition: a condition that occurs when people do not
consume enough calories or do not eat a sufficient
variety of foods to fulfill the body’s needs
 You
 Diet:
need carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and amino acids
the type and the amount of food that he or she
eats
 Diets
vary by regions and by what foods are available
Section One: Feeding the World

The Ecology of Food
 How
efficiently can it be grown?
 More energy, water, and land is used to create food
from animals than plants
 Yield: the amount of food that can be produced in a
given area
Section One: Feeding the World

World Food Problems
 Poverty
 Malnutrition
results from
it
 Africa, Asia, and South
America
 More
Income and
More Food
 If
we can abolish
poverty, we can abolish
malnutrition
Section One: Feeding the World

The Green Revolution
 Larger
yield without more land usage
 Reduces the price of food and improves lives
Section Two: Crop and Soil

Agriculture: Traditional and Modern
 Arable:
land that can be used to grow crops
 Traditional Agriculture
 Plowing
the land, manure as fertilizer, field are irrigated by
rain and water in ditches, weeds are removed by hand
 Modern
Agriculture
 Machinery
are used
is used for all processes and synthetic chemicals
Section Two: Crop and Soil

Fertile Soil: The Living Earth
 Topsoil:
matter
the surface layer of the soil rich in organic
Section Two: Crop and Soil

Soil Erosion: A Global Problem
Erosion: the movement of rock and soil by wind and water
 Half of the topsoil is lost to erosion
 If we lose topsoil we cannot grow crops


Land Degradation
Happens when human activity or natural processes damage
the land so that it can no longer support the local ecosystem
 Desertification: the process by which land in dryer areas
becomes desertlike

Section Two: Crop and Soil

Soil Conservation
Building terraces to prevent downhill erosion
 Contour plowing: plowing across hill slopes
 No-till farming: harvesting without tilling the land


Enriching the Soil
Traditional farming used organic matter
 We now use fertilizers
 Compost: partly decomposed organic material


Salinization
The build up of salts in the soil
 Prevents plants from growing

Section Two: Crop and Soil

Pest Control
 Insects
eat 13% of crops
 Pests include insects, fungi, plants, and microorganisms

Pesticides
 Chemicals
used to kill insects, weeds, and other crop
bests
 Pesticide resistance can develop
 Can be dangerous to humans
 Persistent pesticides do not break down rapidly and
can build up in the water and soil
Section Two: Crop and Soil

Biological Pest Control




the use of living organisms
to control pests
Using a pest’s natural
enemies
Disrupting insect breeding
Can use pathogens or
building up plant’s
defenses

Can build up their physical
characteristics or can use
chemicals found in other
resistant plants
Section Two: Crop and Soil

Integrating Pest Management
 Reduce
pest damage to a level that causes minimal
economic damage

Engineering a Better Crop
 Farmers
use selective breeding
 Genetic engineering: the technology in which genetic
material in a living cell is modified for medical or
industrial use.
 Used
to transfer resistance
Section Two: Crop and Soil

Sustainable Agriculture
 Farming
the conserves natural resources and helps keep
the land productive
 Minimizes the use of energy, fertilizers, pesticide, and
water
Section Three: Animals and Agriculture

Animals and Agriculture
 Domestication:
the process of animals being bred and
managed for human use

Food from Water
 Fish
are harvested
 Overharvesting: catching or removing from the
population more organisms than the population can
replace
Section Three: Animals and Agriculture

Aquaculture
 The
raising of aquatic
organisms for human
use or consumption
 Catfish, oysters,
crayfist, salmon and
rainbow trout
 Requires lots of water
Section Three: Animals and Agriculture

Livestock
 Domesticated
animals
that are raised to be
used on a farm or
ranch or to be sold for
profit
 Poultry
 Ruminants: cattle,
sheep, and goats
 Have
a three or four
chambered stomach