Transcript Issues in Nutrition - Phoenix Union High School District

Issues in
Nutrition
• There are several kinds of malnutrition
• Not enough food
• Too much food
• Food lacking in some minerals and/or
vitamins
Malnutrition
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Protein Deficiency
PKU
Scurvy
Rickets
Osteoporosis
Goitre
Diets high in carbs, fat, protein
Anorexia
• This malnutrition is caused by not enough of one
or more of the essential amino acids.
• As a result, there is not enough protein in the
blood.
• This means that tissue fluid isn’t returned to the
blood.
• Causes fluid retention.
• If unchecked, this can cause retardation of mental
and physical growth.
Protein Deficiency
• Babies are tested for PKU soon
after birth.
• They measure pheylketones in
the blood.
• If a baby is found to have this,
they can live a normal life IF
they keep to a strict diet.
• They must avoid proteins, to
keep this amino acid level low.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• This is caused by a
Vitamin C deficiency.
Scurvy
• When children are deficient in Vitamin D
(and sometimes insufficient calcium), they
can get rickets.
• With this condition, bones do not harden.
As the child grows, the bones start to bend.
Rickets
• In adults, a vitamin D deficiency can lead
to osteoporosis (brittle bones) or
osteomalacia (minerals in the bones aren’t
maintained, leading to backpain).
Osteoporosis
• If a person doesn’t have enough iodine in
their diet, they may develop goitre. It is
caused by an enlarged thyroid gland.
• Sea fish contains iodine so goitre is rare in
coastal towns.
Goitre
• To prevent goiters and cretinism (mental
retardation and impaired physical growth),
many countries started to add iodine to
salt.
• In India, iodized salt is not always
available, so the incidence of goitre is still
high.
Supplements
Diets high in fat
• HDL is good cholesterol. It carries
cholesterol from tissues to the liver where
it gets broken down.
• LDL is bad cholesterol. It attaches to
cholesterol but doesn’t travel to the liver.
Instead, it can build up in our blood
vessels, causing plaque to build up in the
arteries (atherosclerosis).
Diets high in fat
Diets high in Carbohydrates
Type II Diabetes
What are the symptoms and causes?
Analyse the graphs and follow the links.
What is the relationship between obesity and
type II diabetes (insulin resistance)?
What is the effect of increasing access to sugar
on the prevalance of diabetes?
http://notunlikeresearch.typepad.com/something-notunlike-rese/2011/07/new-cdc-report-on-physicalinactivity-obesity-and-diabetes.html
“Using econometric models of repeated crosssectional data on diabetes and nutritional
components of food from 175 countries, we
found that every 150 kcal/person/day increase
in sugar availability (about one can of
soda/day) was associated with increased
diabetes prevalence by 1.1% (p <0.001).”
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0057873
Type II Diabetes
What are the symptoms and causes?
Causes
• Prolonged excessive intake of high-energy
foods, particularly sugars and carbohydrates
• Insulin resistance develops as a result as insulin
receptors on the liver become less sensitive
• Strong link to obesity (excess energy is stored
as fat)
• Genetic factors (some are more susceptible to
developing type II diabetes)
http://www.doctoroz.com/vp-videos/diabetes-animation
Symptoms
• Glucose in the urine (too much glucose in the
blood, not all can be re-uptaken by the kidney
so some remains in urine)
• Dehydration, excessive urination
• Damaged blood vessels
• Weight loss as fat storage is affected
• Sleep loss, tiredness
• Blurred vision/ potential loss of sight
(retinopathy)
http://www.medmovie.com/mmdatabase/MediaPlayer.aspx?ClientID=89
Type II Diabetes
What dietary* advice would a patient receive and why?
Advice
Scientific Reason
Eat low GI foods.
Cut out sugars &
refined carbohydrates
Eat high fibre foods
Small, regular meals
Choose ‘diabetic
alternatives’
Read the food labels
Image: 'Squirrel Heaven'
http://www.flickr.com/photos/12187063@N02/3943984935
Found on flickrcc.net
Type II Diabetes
What dietary* advice would a patient receive and why?
Advice
Scientific Reason
Eat low GI foods.
Cut out sugars &
refined carbohydrates
Eat high fibre foods
Small, regular meals
Choose ‘diabetic
alternatives’
Read the food labels
Some foods release energy more slowly - they have a lower
glycemic index (GI). Eating these reduces ‘spikes’ in blood sugar.
These are high GI foods – they are broken down into sugars and
absorbed quickly, causing blood sugar to rise quickly. They include
sugary snacks, white bread and pasta.
High fibre makes one feel without providing too much energy. High
fibre diets can also help reduce the effects of diabetes.
Smaller releases of energy more frequently result in less dramatic
blood sugar changes than large, infrequent meals.
Some packaged foods may be labeled to show that they have
reduced sugars or carbohydrates, suitable for diabetics.
Learn how to read and interpret food labels to avoid eating
unsuitable foods.
Image: 'Squirrel Heaven'
http://www.flickr.com/photos/12187063@N02/3943984935
Found on flickrcc.net
*Yup, getting more exercise would be useful too (but that’s not dietary).
• This is a condition where someone is obsessive about
their weight. To this person, it is very important to be
slim.
• Unfortunately, this condition is accompanied by a
distortion of their self-image. Generally, they are thin;
but when they look in the mirror, they see themselves as
overweight.
Anorexia nervosa
Consequences/Symptoms:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Obsessive about weight
Depression/mood swings
Poor performance at school
Deteriorating personal relationships
Extreme weight loss
Girls period will stop
Feeling cold
Growth of body hair (to compensate for lack of fat)
Poor immunity
Thinning hair
Bruised and dry skin
Anorexia nervosa
• In 2006, 2 models from
Uruguay died at the ages of 22
and 18, due to heart attacks,
caused by malnutrition.
• That same year, the Madrid
fashion show wouldn’t accept
models with a BMI under 18.
• A few years ago, a soap brand
started a new campaign to
avoid using super-slim models.
Anorexia nervosa
• This is a serious, lifethreatening physical and
psychological disorder.
• This appears to occur more
in countries with a strong
social pressure to be thin.
Anorexia nervosa
Anorexia Nervosa is a disorder characterized by
(a) the refusal to maintain body weight of at least 85% of normal expected
weight;
(b) intense fear of weight gain;
(c) distorted body perception; and
(d) amenorrhea (absence of menstrual cycle).
Many anorexics deny having a problem; however, some do recognize their
eating disordered behavior, but do not know what to do to fix it.
Bulimia Nervosa is defined as
(a) recurrent episodes of binge eating experienced as out of control;
(b) regular purging, fasting, or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain;
(c) at least two episodes of binging and purging per week for at least three
months; and
(d) persistent over-concern with weight and shape.
Binge-eating disorder is characterized by uncontrollable binge eating without
compensatory behaviors.