Transcript Boundless Study Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides
Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless Teaching
Platform
Boundless empowers educators to engage their students
with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive
teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform
gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in
more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular
titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books,
or make switching to our platform easier by building from
Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned
textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they
need to assign readings and assessments, monitor
student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made
teaching resources.
Using Boundless Presentations
The Appendix
The appendix is for you to use to add depth and
breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and
drop slides from the appendix into the main
presentation to make for a richer lecture
experience.
Get started now at:
http://boundless.com/teaching-platform
Free to edit, share, and copy
Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies
of the Boundless presentations as you like. We
encourage you to take these presentations and
make them your own.
If you have any questions or problems please email:
[email protected]
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
About Boundless
Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and
accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational
content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless
integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently
at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to
engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools
as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free
and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its
website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with
Boundless, visit boundless.com.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell
Communication
Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Propagation of the Cellular Signal
Response to the Cellular Signal
Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
Cell Communication
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Communication > Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
• Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
• Forms of Signaling
• Types of Receptors
• Signaling Molecules
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-communication-9/signaling-molecules-and-cellular-receptors-83/
Cell Communication > Propagation of the Cellular Signal
Propagation of the Cellular Signal
• Binding Initiates a Signaling Pathway
• Methods of Intracellular Signaling
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-communication-9/propagation-of-the-cellular-signal-84/
Cell Communication > Response to the Cellular Signal
Response to the Cellular Signal
• Termination of the Signal Cascade
• Cell Signaling and Gene Expression
• Cell Signaling and Cellular Metabolism
• Cell Signaling and Cell Growth
• Cell Signaling and Cell Death
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-communication-9/response-to-the-cellular-signal-85/
Cell Communication > Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
• Signaling in Yeast
• Signaling in Bacteria
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-communication-9/signaling-in-single-celled-organisms-86/
Appendix
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Communication
Key terms
• apoptosis a process of programmed cell death
• autocrine signaling produced by signaling cells that can also bind to the ligand that is released: the signaling cell and the target
cell can be the same or a similar cell (prefix auto- means self)
• autoinducer any of several compounds, synthesized by bacteria, that have signalling functions in quorum sensing
• biofilm a thin film of mucus created by and containing a colony of bacteria and other microorganisms
• biofilm a thin film of mucus created by and containing a colony of bacteria and other microorganisms
• cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP, a second messenger derived from ATP that is involved in the activation of protein
kinases and regulates the effects of adrenaline
• dephosphorylation the removal of phosphate groups from a compound; often catalyzed by enzymes
• endocrine signaling signals from distant cells that originate from endocrine cells, usually producing a slow response, but having
a long-lasting effect
• epinephrine (adrenaline) an amino acid-derived hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress
• G protein any of a class of proteins, found in cell membranes, that pass signals between hormone receptors and effector
enzymes
• gene expression the transcription and translation of a gene into messenger RNA and, thus, into a protein
• glycoprotein a protein with covalently-bonded carbohydrates
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Communication
• growth factor a naturally-occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation, and cellular differentiation
• GTP-binding protein a protein which binds GTP and catalyzes its conversion to GDP
• hydrophobic lacking an affinity for water; unable to absorb, or be wetted by water
• integral protein a protein molecule (or assembly of proteins) that is permanently attached to the biological membrane
• kinase any of a group of enzymes that transfers phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP, to specific
target molecules (substrates); the process is termed phosphorylation
• ligand an ion, molecule, or functional group that binds to another chemical entity to form a larger complex
• ligand an ion, molecule, or functional group that binds to another chemical entity to form a larger complex
• oncogene any gene that contributes to the conversion of a normal cell into a cancerous cell when mutated or expressed at high
levels
• paracrine signaling a form of cell signaling in which the target cell is near (para = near) the signal-releasing cell
• phosphorylation the addition of a phosphate group to a compound; often catalyzed by enzymes
• phosphorylation the addition of a phosphate group to a compound; often catalyzed by enzymes
• protein kinase A a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Communication
• quorum sensing a method of communication between bacterial cells by the release and sensing of small diffusible signal
molecules
• receptor a protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell in order to control
certain functions
• receptor a protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell in order to control
certain functions
• second messenger any substance used to transmit a signal within a cell, especially one which triggers a cascade of events by
activating cellular components
• signaling cascade the chain of events that conveys the signal through the cell
• transcription the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA
• transcription the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA
• translation a process occurring in the ribosome in which a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) guides assembly of a sequence
of amino acids to make a protein
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Communication
Formation of Cyclic AMP
This diagram shows the mechanism for the formation of cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP serves as a second messenger to activate or inactivate proteins
within the cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Propagation of the Signal. November 7, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44452/latest/ View on Boundless.com
Cell Communication
Ligand Initiated Signaling Pathway
An example of ligand initiated signaling pathways is when epidermal growth factor (EGF) binds to its receptor. A complex cascade of downstream events
causes the cell to grow and divide.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Propagation of the Signal. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44452/latest/Figure_09_02_01.png View on
Boundless.com
Cell Communication
Example of phosphorylation
In protein phosphorylation, a phosphate group (PO4-3 ) is added to residues of the amino acids serine, threonine, and tyrosine.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Propagation of the Signal. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44452/latest/Figure_09_02_02.jpg View on
Boundless.com
Cell Communication
G-proteins
Heterotrimeric G proteins have three subunits: α, β, and γ. When a signaling molecule binds to a G-protein-coupled receptor in the plasma membrane, a
GDP molecule associated with the α subunit is exchanged for GTP. The β and γ subunits dissociate from the α subunit, and a cellular response is
triggered either by the α subunit or the dissociated β pair. Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP terminates the signal.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/Figure_09_01_05.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Communication
Autoinducers
Autoinducers are small molecules or proteins produced by bacteria that regulate gene expression.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44454/latest/Figure_09_04_02.png View on Boundless.com
Cell Communication
Communication is Key
Have you ever become separated from a friend while in a crowd? If so, you know the challenge of searching for someone when surrounded by
thousands of other people. If you and your friend have cell phones, your chances of finding each other are good. A cell phone's ability to send and
receive messages makes it an ideal communication device.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Introduction. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44450/latest/Figure_09_01_00.jpg View on
Boundless.com
Cell Communication
Budding Yeasts
Budding Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells can communicate by releasing a signaling molecule called mating factor. In this micrograph, they are
visualized using differential interference contrast microscopy, a light microscopy technique that enhances the contrast of the sample.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44454/latest/Figure_09_04_01.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Communication
Phosphorylation
In protein phosphorylation, a phosphate group is added to residues of the amino acids serine, threonine, and tyrosine.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Propagation of the Signal. October 26, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44452/latest/ View on Boundless.com
Cell Communication
Example of cAMP as a second messenger
This diagram shows the mechanism for the formation of cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP serves as a second messenger to activate or inactivate proteins
within the cell. Termination of the signal occurs when an enzyme called phosphodiesterase converts cAMP into AMP.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Propagation of the Signal. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44452/latest/Figure_09_02_03.jpg View on
Boundless.com
Cell Communication
Apoptosis
The histological section of a foot of a 15-day-old mouse embryo, visualized using light microscopy, reveals areas of tissue between the toes which
apoptosis will eliminate before the mouse reaches its full gestational age at 27 days.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Response to the Signal. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44453/latest/Figure_09_03_02.jpg View on
Boundless.com
Cell Communication
Synapsis
The distance between the presynaptic cell and the postsynaptic cell—called the synaptic gap—is very small and allows for rapid diffusion of the
neurotransmitter. Enzymes in the synapatic cleft degrade some types of neurotransmitters to terminate the signal.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/Figure_09_01_02.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Communication
Steroid Hormones
Steroid hormones have similar chemical structures to their precursor, cholesterol. Because these molecules are small and hydrophobic, they can diffuse
directly across the plasma membrane into the cell, where they interact with internal receptors.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/Figure_09_01_08.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Communication
Bacterial Biofilms
Cell-cell communication enables these (a) Staphylococcus aureus bacteria to work together to form a biofilm inside a hospital patient's catheter, seen
here via scanning electron microscopy. S. aureus is the main cause of hospital-acquired infections. (b) Hawaiian bobtail squid have a symbiotic
relationship with the bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri. The luminescence makes it difficult to see the squid from below because it effectively
eliminates its shadow. In return for camouflage, the squid provides food for the bacteria. Free-living V. fischeri do not produce luciferase, the enzyme
responsible for luminescence, but V. fischeri living in a symbiotic relationship with the squid do. Quorum sensing determines whether the bacteria should
produce the luciferase enzyme.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44454/latest/Figure_09_04_03.png View on Boundless.com
Cell Communication
Intracellular Receptors
Hydrophobic signaling molecules typically diffuse across the plasma membrane and interact with intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm. Many
intracellular receptors are transcription factors that interact with DNA in the nucleus and regulate gene expression.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/Figure_09_01_03.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Communication
Gated-Ion Channels
Gated ion channels form a pore through the plasma membrane that opens when the signaling molecule binds. The open pore then allows ions to flow
into or out of the cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/Figure_09_01_04.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Communication
Forms of Chemical Signaling
In chemical signaling, a cell may target itself (autocrine signaling), a cell connected by gap junctions, a nearby cell (paracrine signaling), or a distant cell
(endocrine signaling). Paracrine signaling acts on nearby cells, endocrine signaling uses the circulatory system to transport ligands, and autocrine
signaling acts on the signaling cell. Signaling via gap junctions involves signaling molecules moving directly between adjacent cells.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/Figure_09_01_01.jpg View on Boundless.com
Cell Communication
Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Gene Expression
Prokaryotic transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm; regulation occurs at the transcriptional level. Eukaryotic gene expression
is regulated during transcription and RNA processing, which take place in the nucleus, and during protein translation, which takes place in the cytoplasm.
Further regulation may occur through post-translational modifications of proteins.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Regulation of Gene Expression. October 26, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44534/latest/ View on Boundless.com
Cell Communication
Uncontrolled Cell Growth
Colorectal cancer occurs after numerous mutations to a normal cell.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Molecular Cancer Journal. "Molecular Cancer | Full text | Role of APCand DNA mismatch repair genes in the development of colorectal cancers." CC BY
http://www.molecular-cancer.com/content/2/1/41 View on Boundless.com
Cell Communication
Attribution
• Wiktionary. "biofilm." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biofilm
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44450/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wikipedia. "paracrine signaling." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/paracrine%20signaling
• Wikipedia. "endocrine signaling." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/endocrine%20signaling
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/autocrine-signaling
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wikipedia. "integral protein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/integral%20protein
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "transcription." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transcription
• Wiktionary. "ligand." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ligand
• Wiktionary. "hydrophobic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrophobic
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "receptor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/receptor
• Wiktionary. "ligand." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ligand
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44452/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 30, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Cell Communication
• Wiktionary. "phosphorylation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phosphorylation
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44452/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "gene expression." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gene_expression
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44453/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "translation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/translation
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Regulation of Gene Expression. October 26, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44534/latest/
• Wiktionary. "transcription." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transcription
• Wikipedia. "cyclic adenosine monophosphate." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cyclic%20adenosine%20monophosphate
• Wikipedia. "protein kinase A." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/protein%20kinase%20A
• Wikipedia. "Cellular metabolism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_metabolism%23Regulation_and_control
• Wiktionary. "epinephrine." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epinephrine
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44453/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 26, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44422/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "receptor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/receptor
• Wiktionary. "growth factor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/growth_factor
• Wiktionary. "oncogene." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oncogene
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44453/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
• Wiktionary. "glycoprotein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glycoprotein
Cell Communication
• Wiktionary. "apoptosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apoptosis
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44453/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "phosphorylation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phosphorylation
• Wiktionary. "dephosphorylation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dephosphorylation
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/signaling-cascade
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Propagation of the Signal. October 26, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44452/latest/
• Wiktionary. "GTP-binding protein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/GTP-binding_protein
• Wiktionary. "kinase." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kinase
• Wiktionary. "G protein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/G_protein
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. November 7, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44454/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44454/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "quorum sensing." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quorum_sensing
• Wiktionary. "biofilm." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biofilm
• Wiktionary. "autoinducer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autoinducer
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44454/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com