Transcript File

Chapter Introduction
Section 1 The Renaissance
Section 2 The Intellectual and Artistic
Renaissance
Section 3 The Protestant Reformation
Section 4 The Spread of Protestantism
and the Catholic Response
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
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Key Events
As you read, look for the key events in the
history of the Renaissance and the
Reformation in Europe. 
• Between 1350 and 1550, Italian
intellectuals began to reexamine the
culture of the Greeks and Romans.
Historians later referred to this period of
European history as the Renaissance. 
• Martin Luther’s break with the Catholic
Church led to the emergence of the
Protestant Reformation.
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Key Events
As you read, look for the key events in the
history of the Renaissance and the
Reformation in Europe.
• During the period known as the Catholic
Reformation, the Catholic Church enacted
a series of reforms that were successful in
strengthening the Church.
The Impact Today
The events that occurred during this time
period still impact our lives today. 
• Western art is founded on classical styles
developed by the Greeks and Romans. 
• Machiavelli’s views on politics had a
profound influence on later political
leaders in the Western world and are still
studied in universities today. 
• The Jesuits have founded many Catholic
colleges and universities in the United
States.
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Chapter Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be
able to: 
• list three characteristics of the
Renaissance. 
• explain the three estates of Renaissance
society. 
• explain Renaissance education. 
• describe artistic contributions of the
Renaissance. 
• describe Christian humanism.
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Chapter Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be
able to:
• describe Luther’s role in the Reformation.

• describe religious changes in Switzerland,
in England, and within the Catholic
church.
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The Renaissance
Main Ideas
• Between 1350 and 1550, Italian intellectuals
believed they had entered a new age of
human achievement. 
• City-states were the centers of political,
economic, and social life in Renaissance Italy. 
Key Terms
• urban society 
• mercenary 
• secular 
• dowry
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The Renaissance
People to Identify
• Leonardo da Vinci 
• Lorenzo de’ Medici 
• Francesco Sforza 
• Niccolò Machiavelli
• Cosimo de’ Medici 
Places to Locate
• Milan 
• Florence 
• Venice 
• Rome
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
The Renaissance
Preview Questions
• What was the Renaissance? 
• Describe the political world that existed
in the Italian states.
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The Renaissance
Preview of Events
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The three-volume Gutenberg Bible was
organized into two 42-line columns per
page. In the later stages of production,
six people worked simultaneously on
composing the type. About 40 Gutenberg
Bibles are still in existence, including
perfect copies in the U.S. Library of
Congress, the French Bibliothèque
Nationale, and the British Library.
The Italian Renaissance
• The word renaissance means rebirth. 
• The Italian Renaissance, which spread to
the rest of Europe, occurred between
1350 and 1550. 
• The rebirth was of the ancient Greek and
Roman worlds.
(pages 157–158)
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The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
• Italy of the Renaissance was largely an
urban society. 
• The powerful city-states of the Middle Ages
became political, economic, and social
centers. 
• A secular, or worldly, viewpoint developed
in this urban society as increasing wealth
created new opportunities for material
enjoyment.
(pages 157–158)
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The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
• The Renaissance was also an age when
the power of the Church declined, and
society recovered from the plagues and
instability of the Middle Ages. 
• Part of this recovery was a rebirth of
interest in the ancient Greek and Roman
cultures.
(pages 157–158)
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The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
• A new view of human beings that
emphasized individual ability and worth
emerged in the Renaissance. 
• The well-rounded, universal person was
capable of achievements in many areas
of life. 
• For example, Leonardo da Vinci was a
painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and
mathematician.
(pages 157–158)
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The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
• The upper classes were more affected
by the Italian Renaissance than the lower
classes, and they embraced its ideals
more. 
• Even so, many of the intellectual and
artistic achievements were hard to
ignore. 
• Churches, wealthy homes, and public
buildings displayed art that celebrated
the human body, classical antiquity,
and religious and secular themes.
(pages 157–158)
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The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
What term in English expresses the
Renaissance ideal of a well-rounded,
multi-talented person?
The term is Renaissance man.
(pages 157–158)
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The Italian States
• The northern and central Italian city-states
of Milan, Venice, and Florence played
crucial roles in the Italian politics of the
time. 
• They prospered from trade with the
Byzantine, Islamic, and Mediterranean
civilizations. 
• They set up trading centers in the east
during the Crusades, and they exchanged
goods with merchants in England and the
Netherlands.
(pages 158–160)
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The Italian States (cont.)
• The wealthy city of Milan was located in
the north at the crossroads of the main
trade routes from Italian coastal cities to
the Alpine passes. 
• After the last Visconti family ruler died in
1447, Francesco Sforza conquered the
city with a band of mercenaries–soldiers
for hire. 
• He made himself duke. 
• Like the Viscontis, Sforza built a strong
centralized state with an efficient tax
system that generated large revenues for
the government.
(pages 158–160)
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The Italian States (cont.)
• Venice was a link between Asia and
western Europe. 
• Traders from all over the world came
there. 
• A small group of wealthy merchants ran
the city to serve their interests. 
• Due to its trade empire, Venice was an
international power.
(pages 158–160)
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The Italian States (cont.)
• The republic of Florence dominated the
Tuscany region. 
• In the fourteenth century a wealthy group
of merchants controlled the Florentine
government, led a series of successful
wars against their neighbors, and
established Florence as a major
city-state. 
• In 1434, Cosimo de’ Medici took control
of Florence. 
• He, and later his grandson Lorenzo de’
Medici, dominated Florence when it was
the cultural center of Italy.
(pages 158–160)
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The Italian States (cont.)
• In the late 1440s, Florence’s economy
declined because of English and Flemish
competition for the cloth market. 
• At the same time a Dominican preacher
named Girolamo Savonarola condemned
the Medicis’ corruption and excesses. 
• Many people followed him, causing the
Medicis to give them control of Florence. 
• Eventually people tired of Savonarola’s
regulations on gambling, swearing,
dancing, painting, and other such
activities.
(pages 158–160)
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The Italian States (cont.)
• He was convicted of heresy and executed
in 1498 after criticizing the pope. 
• The Medicis returned to power.
(pages 158–160)
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The Italian States (cont.)
• Attracted by Italy’s riches, Charles VIII of
France led an army of thirty thousand men
into Italy in 1494. 
• He occupied Naples in the south. 
• Northern Italian states asked Spain to
help. 
• For the next 30 years, France and Spain
made Italy their battleground.
(pages 158–160)
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The Italian States (cont.)
• In 1527 thousands of Spanish troops
along with mercenaries arrived at Rome. 
• They had not been paid for months and
demanded money. 
• The leader let them sack Rome as their
pay. 
• The soldiers went crazy in a frenzy of
bloodshed and looting. 
• The authorities had to establish order. 
• This sacking of Rome ended the wars and
left Spain a dominant force in Italy.
(pages 158–160)
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The Italian States (cont.)
What are the world’s largest trading
cities today?
Possible answers: New York, Tokyo,
Paris, and Rome are some of the
world’s largest trading cities today.
(pages 158–160)
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Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
• The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli is one
of the most influential works on political
power in the western world. 
• It concerns how to get and keep political
power. 
• Previously authors had stressed that
princes should be ethical and follow
Christian principles. 
• Machiavelli argued the prince’s attitude
toward power should be based on
understanding that human nature is selfinterested.
(pages 160–161)
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Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
• A prince, therefore, should not act on
moral principles but on behalf of the
interests of the state. 
(cont.)
• Machiavelli was among the first to
abandon morality as the basis for
analyzing political activity. 
• His views influenced political leaders who
followed.
(pages 160–161)
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Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
(cont.)
Should political leaders adhere to basic
moral principles when pursuing the
state’s affairs or just look out for the
state’s interests?
Possible answer: It may be in a state’s
interest to adhere to fundamental moral
principles.
(pages 160–161)
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Renaissance Society
• The Renaissance saw some changes in
the medieval division of society into three
estates, or social classes.
(pages 161–163)
Renaissance Society (cont.)
• The noble or aristocrat was expected to
fulfill certain ideals. 
• The Italian Baldassare Castiglione
expressed these in The Book of the
Courtier. 
• He described the characteristics of a
perfect Renaissance noble. 
• Nobles were expected to have talent,
character, and grace.
(pages 161–163)
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Renaissance Society (cont.)
• They also had to develop two skills: they
had to perform military and physical
exercises, and they had to gain a classical
education and enrich life with the arts. 
• The noble also had to follow a standard of
conduct. 
• Nobles were to show their achievements
with grace. 
• The goal of the perfect noble was to serve
his prince honestly. 
• Nobles followed Castiglione’s principles
for centuries.
(pages 161–163)
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Renaissance Society (cont.)
• Peasants made up 85 to 90 percent of the
total European population, except in
highly urban centers. 
• Serfdom decreased with the decline of the
manorial system. 
• More peasants became legally free. 
• Townspeople comprised the remainder of
the third estate. 
• Patricians, burghers, and workers and the
unemployed made up the three classes of
the towns.
(pages 161–163)
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Renaissance Society (cont.)
• Patricians had wealth from trade, banking,
and industry. 
• The burghers were shopkeepers,
artisans, and guild members who
provided goods and services for the
townspeople. 
• Workers made pitiful wages. 
• During the late 1300s and the 1400s,
urban poverty increased dramatically.
(pages 161–163)
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Renaissance Society (cont.)
• To maintain the family, parents arranged
marriages, often to strengthen family or
business ties. 
• The agreement between families was
sealed with a marriage contract, which
included the terms of the dowry, a sum
of money the bride’s family paid to the
groom.
(pages 161–163)
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Renaissance Society (cont.)
• The father-husband was the center of the
Italian family. 
• He gave it his name, managed the
finances, and made decisions that
determined his children’s lives. 
• The mother’s role was to supervise the
household. 
• The father’s authority over his children
was absolute.
(pages 161–163)
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Renaissance Society (cont.)
• Children did not become adults simply by
reaching an age. 
• Rather, the father had to go before a
judge and formally free a child from his
authority for that person to be recognized
as an adult.
(pages 161–163)
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Renaissance Society (cont.)
What are the criteria that indicate a
person has reached adulthood today?
(pages 161–163)
Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
A 1. a system in which cities
are the center of political,
economic, and social life
A. urban society
B. secular
C. mercenary
__
D 2. a gift of money or property
paid at the time of marriage, D. dowry
either by the bride’s parents
to her husband, or, in Islamic
societies, by a husband to
his wife
__
C 3. a soldier who sells his
services to the highest bidder
__
B 4. worldly
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Checking for Understanding
Explain how the Spanish became
involved in the Italian wars.
When the French invaded, the
northern Italian states turned to Spain
for help.
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Checking for Understanding
Summarize the characteristics of
Castiglione’s perfect noble.
The perfect noble was born, not made.
He had character, grace, and talent
and was well rounded.
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Critical Thinking
Explain Why was a strong family
bond so important in Renaissance
Italy?
A strong family bond was important for
financial security.
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Analyzing Visuals
Identify details in the painting of Venice
on page 158 of your textbook that show
it is a major city-state with a profitable
trade empire. Find other images of
Venice in your school library and
compare them to this painting.
There is impressive architecture, and
there are well-dressed people at
leisure.
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Close
Review Greek and Roman
civilizations, their social roles, art, and
architecture. Discuss specific ways in
which the Renaissance was a rebirth
of these ideals.