Transcript eoc review ppt #1

EOC REVIEW
DNA- stores code for protein production;
“GENETIC BLUEPRINT OF LIFE”
Building BlocksDNA Nucleotides
Phosphate group
Deoyribose
A,G,C,T
DNA Replication
Create identical copies of DNA. Occurs during
the S phase of INTERPHASE.
RNA
RNA- Copies code from DNA and assembles
protein at the ribosome
Building BlocksRNA Nucleotides
Phosphate group
Ribose
A,G,C,U
Ex: m-RNA, t-RNA, r-RNA
Protein Synthesis
Step 1: Transcription. DNA code is copied onto
m-RNA. Occurs in the nucleus.
Ex:
DNA segment reads:
TACCGCGGGATT
AUGGCGCCCUAA
RNA reads
Transcription Simulation
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/t
ranscribe/
Protein Synthesis
Step 2: Translation m-RNA is read to form
protein. Occurs at a ribosome.
- t-RNA carries specific amino acid to ribosome.
t-RNA anticodon MUST match m-RNA codon
Practice Questions
A portion of an mRNA molecule is shown below.
The diagram represents which process?
(A)translation (B) transcription
(C) replication (D) fragmentation
Which of these will complete the mRNA strand (shown above) matched to
DNA?
(A) UAC (B) AUG (C) CAG (D) GUC
Genetics
Review of Punnet Squares.
If A codes for angled leaves and a codes for
straight leaves. Determine the phenotypic ratio
for the cross below.
What Law of Mendel’s is
associated with this cross?
Dihybrid Cross
• What phenotypic ratio would you expect from
this cross:
RrTt x RrTt
Incomplete Dominance
Blending of alleles to create an INTERMEDIATE
(Mix of the two).
Co-Dominance
• Both alleles are equally expressed
If R-brown and W-white; RW=ROAN
Human Blood Groups
Sex-linked
Allele for trait is carried on the X chromosome.
Examples of disorders include- color blindness,
hemophilia
Genetics Practice
The characteristic for curly hair (C) is dominant to the
characteristic for straight hair (c). A cross between two
individuals for hair type produces the following:
2CC: 2Cc
What must the genotype of the parents be to produce the
results shown in the Punnett square?
F homozygous dominant homozygous dominant
G homozygous dominant heterozygous
H homozygous recessive homozygous dominant
J heterozygous heterozygous
Tay-Sachs is a recessive disorder that destroys nerve cells in the brain and
spinal cord. The Punnett square below represents a cross of two people who
are both carriers of Tay-Sachs.
T
t
T
t
What is the probability that an offspring from this cross will inherit TaySachs?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 100%
Which mechanism explains how both A and
B alleles produce type AB blood?
A. complete dominance
B. polygenic inheritance
C. codominance
D. incomplete dominance
The diagram below shows a DNA molecule that contains a
mutation after the
replication process.
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4
GAT
ACT
CGT
TGT
AFTER
GAT
ACT
CAT
TGT
BEFORE
In which section of the DNA molecule is the mutation located?
A Section 1
B Section 2
C Section 3
D Section 4
Transport- moving molecules across
the cell membrane
• Passive
1. No ATP needed
2. Molecules move from
a [↑ ] to a [↓]
3. Ex:
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
• Active
1. ATP is used
2. Molecules move from
a [↓] to a [↑]
3. Ex:
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Sodium- Potassium Pump
Passive vs. Active Transport
Osmosis
• Movement of water in and out of the cell to
establish an equilibrium.
Normally, in the process of osmosis, the net flow of water
molecules into or out of the cell depends upon differences in
the
A. concentration of water molecules inside and outside the
cell
B. concentration of enzymes on either side of the cell
membrane
C. rate of molecular motion on either side of the cell
membrane
D. rate of movement of insoluble molecules inside the cell
Sodium ions are "pumped" from a region of
lower concentration to a region of higher
concentration in the nerve cells of humans. This
process is an example of
A. Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Passive Transport
D. Active Transport
In order to make hydrochloric acid, which is required in
human digestion, ATP is used to move hydrogen ions
from the blood to the stomach lining.
This is an example of
A active transport
B passive transport
C osmotic potential
D facilitated diffusion
What will most likely occur when a cell is placed
into a saline solution?
(A) Water molecules will move into the cell.
(B) Salt molecules will move out of the cell.
(C) Salt molecules will move until the salt
concentration is the same inside and outside the
cell
(D) Water molecules will move until the salt
concentration is the same inside and outside the
cell.
Cell Reproduction
• Mitosis
1. Creates diploid body
cells
2. Daughter cells have
same chromosome #
as parent cell
3. 2 daughter cells made
• Meiosis
1. Creates haploid gamete
cells
2. Daughter cells have
half the chromosome
# as parent cell
3. 4 daughter cells made
PMATC
PMATC1 PMATC2
Mitosis
Meiosis
Crossing Over & Meiosis
• Tetrad forms first.
• Crossing over promotes genetic variation
A. Liver
C. Skin
B. Testes
D. Pancreas
Mendel's discovery that characteristics are inherited due to
the transmission of hereditary factors resulted from his
A. careful microscopic examinations of genes and
chromosomes .
B. dissections to determine how fertilization occurs in pea
plants
C. breeding experiments with many generations of fruit
flies
D. analysis of the offspring produced from many pea plant
crosses
Which process is illustrated by the diagram
below?
Variations within a species are most likely the
result of
A.
B.
C.
D.
mutations and sexual reproduction
synapsis and disjunction
mitosis and asexual reproduction
overpopulation and recombination
Most cell membranes are composed principally of
A.
B.
C.
D.
DNA and ATP
Lipids and Proteins
Chitin and Starch
Nucleic acids and Amino acids
Cell Energy
Cell Energy
• Photosynthesis
1. Light Reactions
- thylakoids
-Water is split and
oxygen is released
2. Calvin Cycle
-stroma
-Glucose is made
Cell Energy
• Anaerobic Respiration
• No OXYGEN used
• Occurs in cytoplasm
1. Glycolysis: 2 ATPs
2. Fermentation- ) ATPs
Lactic acid or Alcoholic
• Aerobic Respiration
• Uses OXYGEN
• Occurs in cytoplasm
and mitchondria
1. Glycolysis: 2 ATPs
2. Krebs cycle: 2 ATPs
3. ETC: 32 ATPS; Oxygen
is used in final step
Review sites
http://regentsprep.org/Regents/core/questions/
topics.cfm?Course=BIOL
http://www.iq.poquoson.org/2006vasol/eocbio/
eocbio06.htm