Transcript Fungicide_PPT Sudarshan Patelx[2]

Fungus, Fungicides
Classification
& Activity
Technical Training by:
Sudarshan Patel
Manager Marketing
PI Industries Ltd.
Fungus, Fungicides
Classification
& Activity
Fungus and Fungicide Basics
Fungicide Mode of action
Mobility in plant
Strobilurine Fungicides & Cabrio Top
Innovative fungicides in SL market & their features
comparison
What is a Plant Disease?
A disorder in
 Structure or
 Physiological function
in a plant
What are plant Physiological functions?
 Photosynthesis
 Respiration
 Plant nutrition
 Plant hormone functions
 Photoperiodism & photomorphogenesis
 Environmental stress physiology
 Seed germination
 Dormancy
 Stomata function
 Transpiration………etc
Diseased Plant
Produce specific symptoms or
that affects a specific location
Entering living or non living
pathogenic agents in to the
host plant can cause diseases
(except nutrient deficiencies)
What is a pathogen / Pathogenic agent?
A living or unliving agent (infectious agent) that can cause a disease to
the host
What is Disease Triangle?
¾
All three conditions should satisfy to cause the particular disease to the susceptible host
What is a Fungus?
 A group of unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial spore-producing organisms
feeding on organic matter due to that lack chlorophyll
 Attack crops above & below soil surface
 Spread by wind, rain, insects, birds, soil, machinery & contaminated seed
 Including moulds, yeast, mushrooms, & toadstools
Fungi Classification
Classification : Example
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Phycomycetes
Class: Oomycetes
Order : Peronosporales
Family : Peronosporaceae
Genus : Phytophthora
Species : infestans
Life cycle known
Myxomycetes
club root rot of crucifers
Phycomycetes
Order : Oomycetes
Pythium rot, Damping off,Root rot
Phytophthora Diseases Downy
Mildews
Pathogenic Fungi
Ascomycetes
Powdery Mildews, Alternaria
Sigatoka, Leaf Spots, Stem &
Twig Canker, Anthracnose,
Fruit diseases, Post harvest
disease, Fussarium
Basidiomycetes
Deutromycetes
Leaf Spots,
Fruit spots
Vascular wilts.
The Rust, the Smut,
Rizoctonia
Plant Pathology
 Plant pathology is the scientific study of diseases in
plants caused by pathogens & environmental
conditions
 Heinrich Anton de Bary (1831 – 1888) known as “father of plant
pathology” (German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, & mycologist)
 Proved plant diseases caused by fungi not by bad weather condition
 Publishing the book “Research on the development of some parasitic fungi”
– trial , inoculated spores of P. infestans on healthy potato
History of Fungicides
 Seed wheat salvaged from the sea was free of bunt. In the
middle of 17th Century the first use of brining of grain with
salt water followed by liming took place to control bunt in
seed wheat
 Tillet (1755) found, seed-borne fungi (Tilletia tritici, T. laevis)
caused bunt of wheat & could be controlled by seed
treatments of lime, or lime and salt
History of Fungicides
Overview of Fungicide Development and Usage
Year
Fungicide
Primary Use
1637
Brine
Cereal seed treatment
1755
Arsenic
Cereal seed treatment
1760
Copper sulfate
Cereal seed treatment
1824
Sulfur (dust)
Powdery mildew and other pathogens
1833
Lime + sulfur
Broad spectrum foliar pathogens
1885
Bordeaux mixture
Broad spectrum foliar pathogens
1891
Mercury chloride
Turf fungicide
1900
CuOCl2
Especially Phytophthora infestans
1914
Phenylmercury chloride
Cereal seed treatment
1932
Cu2O
Seed and broad spectrum foliar diseases
1934
Dithiocarbamates patented
Broad spectrum protectants
1940
Chloranil, Dichlone
Broad spectrum seed treatment
Fungicide Classification
1. Mobility within plants- distribution
2. By chemical group – chemical structure
3. By MOA – site of action
Classification by mobility
Contact Fungicides
Adsorbed to the leaf surfaces
Protective/preventive fungicides must applied
before spores germinate
Fungicides include Chlorothalonil, Propineb, Maneb,
Metiram, Mancozeb, KHCO3
Systemic Fungicides
 Absorbed into plants
 Mobile in the plant upward & downward via xylem &
phloem
 New chemistries;
Strobilurins – Clutch, Amista, Nativo
Triazoles- Perido, Folicor, Razer…etc
Bensamidoles- Topsin
Phenylamides- Ridol
Carbamates- Previcor
CAA- Acrobat
Fungicide categories
Protectant
Systemic
Translamina movement / semi systemic
Penetrant
Contact vs Systemic Fungicides
Contact/Protectant
Systemic
Adsorbed
Immobile
Preventive
Multi site of action
Few problems with
resistance
Eg: Mancozeb, Maneb,
Sulfur, copper,
Chlorothalonil
Absorbed
Mobile
Preventive + Curative
Single site of action
Resistant fungi strains could
develop
Eg:-Metalxil,
Dimethomorph, Thiphenate
methyl, Promorpcarb
Types of Fungicides
Classification by : Chemical Groups
Fungicide Chemical
Class
Action
Action on
Plant
Examples
1.Copper fungicides
Multisite
Protectant
CuO, Cu(OH)2
2. Inorganics
Multisite
Protectant
Sulphur
3. Dithiocarbomates
Multisite
Protectant
Maneb, Zineb,
Metiram, Mancozeb,
Thiram, Propineb
4. Chloronitriles
Multisite
Protectant
Chlorothalonil
5. Dicarboxamides
Multisite
Protectant and
Curatant
Captan
6. Carbamates
Single site
Protectant and
Curatant
Propamocarb
(Previcor)
7. Benzimidazole
Single site
Protectant and
Curatant
Thiophenate methyl
(Topsin)
Thiobendazole
8. Carboxamides
Single site
Protectant and
Curatant
Flutolanil (Moncut)
Fluxapyroxad (not
registerd yet)
Boscalid
Fungicide Chemical Classes available in Sri Lanka
Fungicide Chemical
Class
Action
Action on Plant
Examples
9. Phenylamides
Single site
Protectant and
Curatant
Metalaxyl,
Benalaxyl
10.*Azoles/Triazoles
(1973)
Single Site
Curatant
Propiconazole,
Hexaconazole, etc…
11.*Strobilurins (1996)
Single Site
Protectant and
Curatant
Pyraclostrobin,
Azoxystrobin,
Trifloxystrobin
12.*CAA fungidices
(2003)
Single Site
Protectant and
Curatant
Dimethomorph
Dithiocarbamates
Mancozeb
Propineb
Maneb
Metiram
Classification :
by Mode of action
MOA = How fungicide kills the target fungus
Fungicides are metabolic inhibitors
MOA can be classified into 04 broad groups
1.
2.
3.
4.
Inhibitors of electron transport chain
Inhibitors of enzymes
Inhibitors of nucleic acid metabolism & protein synthesis
Inhibitors of sterol synthesis
Nuclear division
- Thiophanate methyl
Nucleic acid synthesis
- Metalaxyl
Plasma membrane
- KHCO3 (Kaligreen)
Cell wall function
Dimethomorph
Mitochondrial
function
Strobilurins
Sulfur
Sterol biosynthesis
All Triazoles
Proteins
Amino acid & Enzymes
Chlorothalonil,
Dithiocarbamates
Copper
Multi-site inhibitor
Protectants cannot penetrate plant tissue
Cuticle
Systemics penetrate plant tissue as well as fungus
Cuticle
Common Fungicide Classes and Mode of Actions
FRAC
Code
Chemical Class
Resistance
risk
Mode of action / inhibition
1
Benzimidazoles
Beta-tubulin biosynthesis
high
2
Dicarboximides
NADH cytochrome c reductase in lipids
high
3
Azoles, Pyrimidines
C-14 demethylation in sterol biosynthesis
medium
4
Phenylamides
RNA polymerase
high
5
Morpholines
^8 and ^7 isomerase and ^14 reductase in sterol biosynthesis low-medium
7
Carboxamides
Succinic acid oxidation
medium
9
Anilinopyrimidine
Methionine biosynthesis
medium
11
Strobilurins
Mitochondrial synthesis in cytochrome bc1
high
16
Various chemistry
Melanin biosynthesis (two sites)
medium
40
Carboxylic acid amides
Cell wall formation in Oomycetes
low-medium
M1
Inorganics
Multisite contact
low
M3
Dithiocarbamates
Multisite contact
low
M5
Phthalimides
Multisite contact
low
1
1
2
Why Fungicide Pre – mixtures???
Protective
Curative
Eradicative
Important hints for Fungicide recommendation
Common Oomycetes fungi Generas










Phytophthora- Late blight in tomato and Potato
Phythium – Damping off in seedling
Peronospora- Downy mildew in tobacco, lettuce
Bremia – Downly mildew in lettuce
Haloperonospora
Peronosclerospora- Downney mildew in Corn
Plasmopara - Downey mildew in Grapes
Pseudoperonospora- Downy mildew in cucurbits
Sclerophthora- Downey mildew in corn Sorghum
Sclerospora- Downey mildew in corn Sorghum & Sugar
cane
Propamocarb
Dimethomorph
Metalaxyl
Pyraclostrobin
Thiphenate methyl
Captan
Thiram
Common Ascomycetes fungi








Powdery Mildews
Alternaria
Sigatoka
Leaf Spots
Stem & Twig Canker
Anthracnose
Fruit diseases
Post harvest disease




Alternaria
Septoria
Magneporathe (Blast)
Rhizoctonia solani- (sheath blight)
Mancozeb..etc
Pyraclostrobin
Carbendazim
Thio-phenate metyl
All triazoles
Discovery of Strobilurin Fungicides
 Many of the newest & most
important disease-control agents
 Isolated from wood-rotting mushroom
fungi
 Chemical Family- Strobilurin
 Natural fungicides help the fungus to defend itself from competition by
microbes present in rotting wood
 Less risk - to human & the environment compared to alternatives
Strobilurin Fungicides
Pyraclostrobin
Fluoxastrobin
Metominostrobin
Azoxystrobin & Picoxystrobin
Trifloxystrobin
Famoxadone
Fenamidone
Spectrum of Activity
The QoI fungicides control a broad spectrum of
fungal diseases






Downy mildews
Powdery mildews
Leaf spotting
Blighting fungi
Fruit rotters
Rusts
Compatible Crops
Cereals
Fruits
Field crops/Vegetables
Ornamentals
Turf
Mobility
 Fungicide can be found on both leaf
surfaces even if only one leaf surface was
treated
 Translaminar movement can take one to
several days to be fully effective
 Fungicides such as Pyraclostobin,
kresoxim methyl and trifloxystrobinwhich are not true systemics (mesostemics
/ surface systemics)
 The fungicide azoxystrobin moves
translaminarly as well as systemically (in
the plant's vascular system)
Importance of Mobility
 Translaminar movement help to compensate for incomplete spray
coverage
 Vapor phase redistribution help to compensate for poor crop coverage
 Several days may be required for adequate protection
 Concerns curative disease control
 Excellent as preventive fungicides - effectively kill germinating
spores
 Best use of QoI fungicides is to apply them before fungus development
infection takes place.
Protection stages of fungal growth
Strobilurin fungicide MOA
Inhibit mitochondrial respiration in fungi
Bind at the Qo-centre on cytochrome b & block
electron transfer between cytochrome b & cytochrome
c1
This disrupts the energy cycle within the fungus by
halting the production of ATP
Resistance Management
Limit the number of applications
Limit the number of consecutive applications
Pre-mixtures are preferable
Use them at early stages of disease development
(Preventive/Protective action)
Tank mix with other fungicides
Effects on Plant Health
• Several QoI fungicides are known to cause
growth-promoting effects
• In certain plants Pyraclostrobin has been
shown to cause changes
•
•
•
•
Growth enhancement
Delayed leaf senescence
Greater stress tolerance
Quality improvement
Cabrio Top
Cabrio Top
Cabrio Top
Powerful Innovative Fungicides in
SL Market
1.
2.
3.
4.
Clutch
Amista
Nativo
Acrobat
Strobilurine Fungicides in SL
Clutch
Amista
Nativo
Active Ingrediant & Clutch 60% WG
Formulation
Metiram 55 % +
Pyraclostrobin 5%
Amista 250SC
Nativo 75% WG
Azoxystrobin 250g/l Tebuconazole
500g/Kg +
Triflocxystrobin
250g/Kg
Recommendation
600g / acre
AI - 30g
120ml/acre
AI- 37.5g
76g-96 g/ acre
Farmer Practice
60g * 10 tanks
15ml * 10 tanks
10g* 10 tanks
AI per acre
30g
37.5g
50g + 25g
Price
600g- 3050/=
100ml-1500/=
100g-3050/=
Cabrio Top
Amista
Active
Ingredient &
Formulation
Clutch 60% WG
Metiram 55 % +
Pyraclostrobin 5%
Amista 250SC
Nativo 75% WG
Azoxystrobin 250g/l Tebuconazole
500g/Kg +
Triflocxystrobin
250g/Kg
Mobility
Exellent
Translamina
activity
Exellent
Translamina
activity
Exellent
Translamina
activity
Xylem immobile
Xylem mobile
Xylem mobile
Not uptake by
roots
Not uptake by
roots
Not uptake by
roots
Uptake by
immerging shoots
Uptake by
immerging shoots
Uptake by
immerging shoots
Activity on
leaves
Only translamina
Translamina &
actively move to
xylems
Translamina &
actively move to
xylems
Plant Health
Effect
Not moves in to
leaflets, unless
direct contact
Moves in to leaflets
Moves in to leaflets
Soil activity
Nativo
Cabrio Top
Amista
Nativo
Plant Health
Effect
Very high
Low
Medium
Curative and
Protective action
Protectant –
Primary means of
control.
Curative activity
on selected fungi
and crops.
Protectant –
Primary means of
control.
Curative activity on
selected fungi and
crops.
Protectant –
Primary means of
control.
Curative activity on
selected fungi and
crops.
Toxicity
Moderately toxic
(Blue label)
Slightly toxic
(Green Label)
Moderately toxic
(Blue Label)
Re entry interval
12hrs
4hrs
12hrs
Interval
7-14days
7-14days
7-14days
 Cucurbitacea
family- Downey
Mildew
• Cucurbitacea
familyPowdery Mildew
• Onion- Purple
blotch,
Anthracnose
• CapsicumAnthracnose
Label
 Onion- Purple
Recommendations
blotch
in SL
 CurcurbitsPowdery
Mildew
 BananaSigatoka
Cabrio Top
&
Acrobat
Cabrio Top
Acrobat
Active Ingredients Cabrio Top 60% WG
Metiram 55 % + Pyraclostrobin 5%
Controlling
Diseases
Acrobat MZ 690WP
Dimethomorpg 90g/Kg
Mancozeb 600g/Kg
 Best suited for Ascomycetes &
Basidiomycetes
 Best suited for Oomycetes
1.
Powdery Mildews
2.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Alternaria
Sigatoka
Leaf Spots
Stem & Twig Canker
Anthracnose
Fruit diseases
Post harvest disease
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
 Not much suited to control
oomycetes
9.
Phytophthora- Late blight in tomato
and Potato
Peronospora- Downy mildew in tobacco,
lettuce
Bremia – Downly mildew in lettuce
Haloperonospora
Peronosclerospora- Downney mildew in
Corn
Plasmopara - Downey mildew in
Grapes
Pseudoperonospora- Downy mildew in
cucurbits
Sclerophthora- Downey mildew in corn
Sorghum
Sclerospora- Downey mildew in corn
Sorghum & Sugar cane
 Not much suited to
control ascomycetes &
basidiomycetes
Clutch and Acrobat
Clutch
Acrobat
Recommendation
600g/ac
800g/ac
Application time
Best suited as a preventive
fungicide/ Apply before
infection
Not suited for high disease
intencity time
Best suited as curative
fungicide , for some
fungus works in Eradicative
stage also
Could apply at the high
disease intensity time
Mobility
Translamina
Systemic, Xylem mobile
Plant Health/Agcelence
Improve the quality and
yield parameters
No such effect
Increase the life cycle of
the crop
Increase the productivity
Increase the time take
perish……….etc
Effective use of CT and AT/Ridol
 Identify the critical stages of the crop life cycle, which is possible to
expose diseases
 Decide the most appropriate fungicide accordingly
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