Transcript Try Again!
Review Biochemistry Tutorial Enjoy! Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Biochemistry Biochemistry is the chemistry of living organisms. All living things are organic: carbon-based Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com There are four types of organic (carbon-based) molecules: • Carbohydrates • Lipids (fats) • Proteins • Nucleic Acids Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com The four types of organic molecules are: 1. Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and sugars 2. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleotides 3. Carbon, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins 4. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try Again! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four types of organic (carbon-based) molecules. All the organic molecules are polymers, meaning that they are large molecules built from smaller ones. Each type of organic molecule has a specific building block. Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com These are the building blocks: • Carbohydrates: monosaccharides • Lipids: Fatty acids • Proteins: amino acids • Nucleic Acids: nucleotides Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Which pair of organic (carbon-based) molecule is paired with the wrong building block: 1. 2. 3. 4. Carbohydrates: monosaccharides Nucleic acids: amino acids Lipids: fatty acids Proteins: amino acids Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try Again! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! The building block for nucleic acids is actually nucleotides. Notice the first 5 letters are the same for each. Now let’s read about each category of organic molecules Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates come from plants and include starches, sugars, and fiber • Carbs provide quick energy and give structure to plants Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are polymers of monosaccharides (sugars) that form a ring-shaped structure Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com What kind of organisms do carbohydrates come from? 1. Animals 2. The sun 3. Plants Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try Again! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! Plants make carbohydrates though photosynthesis. What are the functions of carbohydrates? 1. Energy and plant structure 2. To change the rate of chemical reaction 3. To build muscle Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! Proteins build muscle! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! Enzymes are proteins that change the rate of chemical reactions Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! Carbohydrates provide quick energy, especially for athletes before a race or game, and provide structure for plants, like the stringy fibers in celery and the bark in trees. Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com • Monosaccharides are the building block of sugars. • When two monosaccharides are bonded together, a disaccharide is formed • Many monosaccharides bonded together form a polysaccharide. Carbs are polysaccharides Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Which of the following is not a carbohydrate? Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try Again! This is a monosaccharide! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try Again! This is a disaccharide! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try Again! This is a polysaccharide! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! Carbohydrates are made of rings. Proteins have the N-C-C backbone shown in this picture. What is the structure shown here: 1. A monosaccharide 2. A disaccharide 3. A polysaccharide Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try Again! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! Disaccharide means “two sugars” and this has two rings • Carbs are found in many types of food, mostly in fruits, vegetables, and starches (bread, pasta, rice…) • Reagents can be used to find out if certain carbohydrates are in specific foods Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Testing for Carbohydrates • Testing for simple sugars: Add Benedicts reagent (blue) to the food and heat in a water bath. A positive test will turn red/orange. • Testing for starches: iodine will turn black when added to a food sample that contains starch. • Foods positive for simple sugar include fruits, sweets, milk Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Testing for Carbohydrates • To test for starch, iodine is added to the food. If the reagent changes to black, then starches must be present. • Starchy foods include breads, rice, beans, pasta, rice, crackers. Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com If you add iodine to a food substance and it turns black, then the food must contain: 1. 2. 3. 4. Simple sugars Starches Protein Lipids Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try Again! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! Iodine is the solution used to test for starches. If you add Benedict’s solution to a sample and heat it, what color will it turn if it contains simple sugars? 1. Blue 2. Black 3. Red/orange Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! • Benedict’s + heat sugars red/orange = simple Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Lipids Lipids include fats & oils. Their function is to store long-term energy in the body. Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids. A fatty acid is a chain of carbons with hydrogen attached to each side. • Fatty acids that are full of hydrogen are “saturated” – these are the unhealthy fats, like crisco, butter, and lard • Fatty acids that are missing at least one hydrogen are “unsaturated” – these are kinked, and are healthy (oils). Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com What is the building block of lipids? 1. 2. 3. 4. Monosaccharide Amino acids Nucleic acids Fatty acids Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! • Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbohydrates Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! • Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! • Nucleic acids are one of the four main types of organic molecules (along with lipids, proteins, and carbs). Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! Fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids. Which type of fatty acid is this? 1. A oil 2. A saturated fat 3. An unsaturated fat Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! Each carbon in a saturated fat is attached to two or more hydrogen. These are the unhealthy solid fats. What is the main function of lipids? 1. Long-term energy storage 2. Quick energy 3. Muscle building Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! • Quick energy is the function of Carbohydrates Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! • Muscle building is a function of proteins Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! The body stores lipids as fat that can be broken down for energy when no sugars are available. Which below is not a lipid? Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! • Remember that the building block of lipids are fatty acids Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! • Remember that lipids have carbon backbones with hydrogen attached from both sides Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! This is a disaccharide, which is a carbohydrate. Now we are going to move on to proteins! Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Protein • Muscle, enzymes • Made from amino acid chains • Found in meat, beans, dairy Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Building Blocks of Protein • Proteins are made from amino acids • There are 20 possible amino acids • The amino acids in a protein are joined together by peptide bonds Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com What is the building block of protein? 1. 2. 3. 4. Monosaccharide Fatty acids Amino acids Nucleotides Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! • Monosaccharides are the building block of carbohydrates Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! • Fatty acids are the building block of lipids Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! • Nucleotides are the building block of nucleic acids Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! The building blocks are proteins are amino acids Where can you find protein? 1. 2. 3. 4. Meat, beans and dairy Enzymes Tissues and muscles All of the above Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! You are not wrong, but you can do better! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! Foods with proteins are meat, beans, and dairy. Proteins are also found in your body in the muscles and tissues, and in enzymes. Enzymes are important because they help chemical reactions to happen faster. Without enzymes, not much would get done in your body. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Next How many different amino acids are there? 1. Three 2. Four 3. Twenty Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! There are 20 different amino acids. The type and order of amino acids determine the shape of the protein. The shape of the protein determines its function (what it does). What would happen if a protein was made with the wrong amino acids? 1. Its shape would be wrong 2. It wouldn’t be able to function correctly 3. Both 1 and 2 are true Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! This isn’t the whole answer Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! The amino acid sequence is responsible for the shape and function of the protein. Here are a couple of amino acids: To recognize an amino acid chain, look for the N-CC in its backbone. Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Which picture below shows a protein? Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! This is a lipid Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! The N-C-C backbone gives it away. What type of bond joins these amino acids together to make a protein? 1. 2. 3. 4. Peptide bonds Hydrolytic bonds Decompensation bonds Protein bonds Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! Peptide bonds join the amino acids together to make a protein. We can test for proteins in foods by adding Biuret solution to a substance. If the reagent turns purple, then protein must be present. Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Benedict’s + heat 1. 2. 3. 4. turns red/orange means that: Simple sugars are present Proteins are present Starches are present Lipids are present Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! • Biurets indicates the presence of protein Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! • Lipids are determined by the paper test! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! • Iodine is used to find out if a food has starch Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! If Benedict’s solution is mixed with a substance that contains simple sugars, it will turn reddish-orange when heated Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com How can you determine if a food contains protein? 1. Add Biuret and look for a color change to black 2. Add Benedict’s and look for a color change to purple 3. Add Biuret’s and heat and look for a color change to black 4. Add Biuret’s and look for a change to purple Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! Biuret’s turns purple in the presence of proteins, like in meats, dairy, and beans. Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Nucleic Acids • Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, which provide instructions for making proteins Downloaded from Next www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com The building blocks of nucleic acids are Nucleotides A nucleotide has three parts: • A sugar • A phosphate group • A nitrogen base Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com The Bases • In DNA, the sugar and phosphate are always the same, but there are four types of nitrogen bases: A, G, C, and T. • RNA also has four different bases: A, G, C, and U Notice that DNA and RNA have 3 bases in common. Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com What is the building block of nucleic acids? 1. 2. 3. 4. Monosaccharide Fatty acids Amino acids Nucleotides Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! Monosaccharides are the building block of carbohydrates Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! Fatty acids are the building block of lipids Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! Amino acids are the building block of proteins Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! Nucleotides are the building block of nucleic acids. Which is not one of the three parts of a nucleotide? 1. Fatty acid 2. Sugar 3. Phosphate 4. Nitrogen base Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! A nucleotide is a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base. DNA is called a double helix because it looks like a twisted ladder. The rails of the ladder are made of alternating sugars and phosphates. Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com The Double Helix of DNA The rungs of the DNA ladder are made of the nitrogen bases, one from each side. The bases hold the two strands together. Notice how A always pairs with T, and C always pairs with G. Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com What are the rails in DNA made from? 1. 2. 3. 4. Nucleotides Amino acids Sugars and phosphates Sugars and bases Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! The rails are made of sugar and phosphate. What are the rungs made of? 1. 2. 3. 4. Two nitrogen bases, one from each side One nitrogen base that joins to each side Two phosphates, one from each side One sugar that joins to each side Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! The rungs are made of two bases, one from each side. The bases bond to join the rails together. “A” always bonds with “T”, and “C” always bonds with “G”. What is the function of DNA? 1. It makes RNA 2. It carries genetic information 3. It is found in muscles and tissues Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! DNA carries information for making proteins in the body. RNA is a copy of DNA, and it also carries information. It carries the same information that is in the DNA that it has copied. Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com The Single Helix of RNA RNA is is smaller than DNA because it only has one strand. The strand has a rail of sugar and phosphate, and ½ a rung made of one nitrogen base. Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com How is RNA different from DNA? 1. It is a copy of DNA 2. It has only one strand 3. It has a “U” instead of a “T” for a nitrogen base 4. All are correct Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! You didn’t tell the whole story Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Right! You are done!!!! Great Job!!!!!! If you have any questions, go ask Mrs. Brown. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com What kind of molecules are these? Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Testing for Carbohydrates • To test for starch, iodine reagent is added to the food. If the iodine turns black, then starch must be present. Starches include such foods as potatoes, rice, pasta, and bread. Next Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com If you add iodine to a food substance and the iodine turns black, the food must contain: 1. 2. 3. 4. Simple sugars Starches Lipids Proteins Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Try again! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com