Transcript Unit 2 Biochem

Unit II - Biochemistry
Chemistry of Life
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVT3Y3_gHGg
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0eNSnj4ZfZ8
I. What is everything made of?
Matter – anything that has mass and takes
up space
 Atoms – basic unit of matter; made of…

– positive charge
 Neutrons – no charge
 Electrons – negative charge
 Protons
a(an) – no/not
tom – to cut
I. What is everything made of?

Isotopes – atoms of same element, but
have different # of neutrons (some are
heavier, but otherwise behave the same)
a(an) – no/not
tom – to cut
a(an) – no/not
tom – to cut
iso - equal
I. What is everything made of?
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Element – substance made up of only one
type of atom; (stuff on the periodic table!)
sodium (Na)
chlorine (Cl)
I. What is everything made of?
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Compound – two or more atoms
chemically joined together
Sodium chloride (NaCl; table salt)
I. What is everything made of?

Compounds are made through chemical
reactions…new substances are made
REACTANTS
sodium (Na)
+ chlorine (Cl)
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
PRODUCTS
sodium chloride (table salt)
I. What is everything made of?
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Mixture – two or more compounds
physically joined together
– one substance (solute) dissolves in
another (solvent)
 Suspension – large particles settle at the
bottom
 Solution
I. What is everything made of?
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Mixtures are not “new” substances…they
are just rearranged physically
Self-Quiz
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1. oil
2. wood
3. water
4. carbon
5. starch
6. shampoo
7. air
8. silicon
9. sugar
10. cookies
11. copper
Label as… E, C, or M
(element, compound, or mixture)
Self-Quiz
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1. oil - C
2. wood - M
3. water - C
4. carbon - E
5. starch - C
6. shampoo - M
7. air - M
8. silicon - E
9. sugar - C
10. cookies - M
11. copper - E
Label as… E, C, or M
(element, compound, or mixture)
Bell Ringer
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Be prepared to discuss:
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Why water is important to us and other
organisms.
 How does water moves in a tree from the
roots to the leaves.
 What is unique about water compared to
other fluids.
II. Water
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A. Why is Water
Important to
Organisms?
 In
cytoplasm
 Needed for chemical
reactions
 Used for transport
 Holds/transfers heat
Why Water?
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Why is water essential for life?
 Cytoplasm-
is most of the substance inside
cells
 Photosynthesis- required to grow food
 Aqueous solution- needed for most chemical
reactions inside cells
 Aquatic life- provides shelter and protection
for many organism
 Sap
 Blood – allows for transport of materials
through organisms
II. Water
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B. How does water’s
structure relate to its
function?
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1. Water is polar
– slight positive & negative
charge on opposite ends of
molecule which causes
Hydrogen bonding
* This allows water to stick
to stuff
II. Water
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2. water’s charged sides attract to other
molecules with charges
 These
are called hydrogen bonds
 Are weaker than ionic/covalent, but they add up!
 water’s special traits due to these!
hydrowater
II. Water
Water has many special properties, most
of which occur because of the hydrogen
bonding
 As you go through each of the properties
be sure to look for 3 things:
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 Definition
of the property
 Why the property happens
 Why the property is important to organisms
II. Water
3. special properties:
 A. adhesion – water sticks to other stuff
B. cohesion – water sticks to self well
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co - together
II. Water
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3. special properties:
C. capillarity – water “climbs” up thin tubes
D. surface tension – forms strong layer
- why? Hydrogen bonds make water stick
to itself
II. Water
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3. special properties:
f. high specific heat –
- water holds its heat very
well
- hard to change its
temperature
- must break A LOT of
Hydrogen bonds
* Examples:
- costal towns have
milder temps
- aquatic organism do
not experience wild temps
II. Water
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3. special properties:
g. high heat of
vaporization –
- when water does
change its temperature
(higher) it “carries”
heat with it
Water goes from liquid
to gas
Example : sweating
II. Water
3. special properties:
h. ice floats on water
- solid H2O takes up
more space, so less
dense
- the H bonds hold water
farther apart when in
solid form (more volume)
Examples: lake freeze top
down insulates aquatic
organism below
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II. Water
3. special properties:
e. good solvent – water dissolves many
substances
~ water will dissolve things that have charges
(polar & ionic compounds)
-most chemical reactions require dissolved
substances
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III. Acids & Bases
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1. pH scale:
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2. neutral = pH 7
3. acid = pH < 7
4. base = pH >7
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0-14
* the closer to 7, the weaker
it is
III. Acids & Bases
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5. buffers – keep pH stable
 Cells will be harmed
if pH too high or low
Organic Compounds
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Organic compounds come from organisms
They include 4 major groups:
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carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, & proteins
All are very large molecules built from small units
Monomer = building block
Polymer = large molecule
*If the polymer is a brick wall, then the
monomer is a BRICK!
mono - one
poly - many
IV Organic Compounds
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Monomers can be joined to each other to make
polymers
They are joined by removing water
❑
Called dehydration synthesis (or condensation)
“to make by removing water”
hydr – water
syn - together
Organic Compounds
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Polymers can be broken apart into monomers
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❑
This process breaks larger molecule by adding water
Called hydrolysis “to break with water”
hydr – water
lys - burst
IV. Organic Compounds
A. Carbohydrates
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1. examples
 Monomers:
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Glucose (sugar) - cell food/energy
Fructose, Dextrose
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Primary energy, quick energy, structure support
 Polymers:
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Glycogen – how animals store extra glucose
Starch – how plants store extra glucose
Cellulose – makes up cell walls of plants; dietary fiber
Chitin – makes up cell walls of fungi/insect exoskeletons
IV. Organic Compounds
A. Carbohydrates
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2. structure
monosaccharide:
(monomer)
mono- one
poly- many
sacchar- sugar
polysaccharide:
(polymer)
IV. Organic Compounds
B. Lipids
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1. examples –
 Polymers:
Triglycerides – fats, oils, waxes
 Steroids - hormones
 Phospholipids – make up cell membrane
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tri- three
glyc- sugar
IV. Organic Compounds
B. Lipids
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2. structure – nonpolar (do not like water);
monomer is the fatty acid chain
fats:
steroids:
IV. Organic Compounds
B. Lipids
3. types
 saturated fats – hold as much H as possible;
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solid at room temp; animal fats
IV. Organic Compounds
B. Lipids
3. types
 unsaturated fats – missing H due to multiple
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bonds; liquid at room temp; plant oils
IV. Organic Compounds
B. Lipids
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3. types –
phospholipids: have polar side &
nonpolar side; make up cell membrane
IV. Organic Compounds
C. Nucleic Acids
1. examples: DNA, RNA
(genetic material)
 2. function – hereditary info
 3. monomer is the nucleotide:
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IV. Organic Compounds
D. Proteins
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1. examples: numerous!
 (major
structural unit of
body… muscles, skin,
tendons, etc.)
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2. functions–structure,
enzymes, hormones,…
IV. Organic Compounds
D. Proteins
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3. monomer is the amino acid:
IV. Organic Compounds
D. Proteins
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3. structure –
simple proteins:
ex: used to build
complex proteins:
ex: chemical reactions
Bell Ringer
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Table partner group work!
 Work
on page 25 biomolecules
worksheet/comparison sheet!
 You only have 10 minutes!
IV. Organic Compounds
D. Proteins
 4. enzyme action – allows rxns to occur faster
- every rxn in body has at least 1 enzyme
- missing enzyme = defect
- high heat and extreme pH will “break” them
Enzymes (Special Proteins!)
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Enzymes are needed in order to SPEED UP
reactions
The enzyme does NOT get USED in the reaction
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZD5xsOKres
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Enzymes (Special Proteins!)
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Enzymes are very SPECIFIC – they only work with
one reaction
Every chemical reaction has at least ONE enzyme
If an enzyme is missing, a DEFECT will result
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Ex: ALBINOS are missing enzyme for melanin…lactoseintolerant people are missing LACTASE
Enzymes (Special Proteins!)
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NAMING ENZYMES
❑ Usually end in “ase” (name usually linked to
substrate)
❑ Note: enzymes do NOT always break down
things…they work for building reactions too!
SUBSTANCES
A
B
ENZYME
PRODUCT AB
ENZYME
Naming Enzymes
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Usually ends with ase
Lactase breaks down lactose
 Sucrase breaks down sucrose
 Peptidase/pepsin breaks down protein
 Catalase breaks down water based
compounds (fat soluble, polarity etc)
 Amylase breaks down starch
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III. Enzymes (Special Proteins!)
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Enzymes must be in the correct SHAPE or their
substrates will not fit in with them
Unfolding of an enzyme is called DENATURATION
❑ May be caused by BOILING (high heat), or strong
acids/bases (extreme pH’s)
Self-Quiz – Chemistry
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1. An example of an element would be:
A. Ne B. CO2 C. C6H12O6 D. H2O
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2. Which of the following is the weakest?
A. ionic bonds
C. hydrogen bonds
B. electrovalent bonds D. covalent bonds
Self-Quiz – Chemistry
 3.
Most of water’s special properties
are due to the fact that it is –
A. polar
 4.
B. neutral
C. covalent
D. nonpolar
Ringed lipids are called -
A. triglycerides
B. phospholipids.
C. steroids
D. both B and C.
Self-Quiz – Chemistry
 5.
When your body has too much
glucose, the extra is stored as glycogen.
Glucose is a ____, or building block, of
many ____.
A. monomer…triglycerides
B. monomer…carbohydrates
C. polymer…proteins
D. polymer…nucleic acids
Self-Quiz – Chemistry
 6.
Unsaturated fats:
A. contain all the hydrogen atoms they can hold
B. contain only single bonds between carbon atoms
C. are usually solids at room temperature
D. will kink/bend at double bonds between C atoms
Self-Quiz – Chemistry
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1. Water moving thru tiny tubes is A. capillarity
C. cohesion
B. surface tension
D. specific heat
2. Which of the following is the weakest?
A. ionic bonds
C. hydrogen bonds
B. electrovalent bonds D. covalent bonds
Self-Quiz – Chemistry
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3. Most of water’s special properties are due
to the fact that it is –
A. polar
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B. neutral
C. covalent
D. nonpolar
4. Weak attractions between water molecules
are A. covalent bonds
B. H-bonds
C. Ionic bonds
D. nonpolar bonds
Self-Quiz – Chemistry
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5. To build polymers,
A. monomers are hydrolyzed
B. monomers are broken down
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C. water is added
D. water is removed
6. Hydrolysis A. builds muscle tissue
B. creates water
C. is used in digestion
D. produces polymers
Self-Quiz – Chemistry
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7. Crabs in a lake don’t worry about wild temperature
changes in their home because water has A. less density as a solid
B. capillarity
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C. high specific heat
D. high surface tension
8. Water forms droplets due to its A. covalent bonding
B. cohesion
C. high heat of vaporization
D. hydrolization
Self-Quiz – Chemistry
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9. What does “polarity” actually mean?
10. What is a “monomer”?
11. What is the monomer for carbohydrates called?
12. Name 2 food sources high in carbs.
Lab – Enzyme Reactions
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I. Purpose: How does a strong acid and high
temperature affect enzyme activity?
II. Background: Enzymes make chemical reactions
go faster.
III. Hypothesis: Strong acid will make an enzyme
reaction go ___. High temp will make an enzyme
reaction go ___.
IV. Procedure: (draw picture)
Lab – Enzyme Rate of Reaction
I. Purpose: How does the level of ___ affect the rate of
reaction involving the enzyme catalase & hydrogen
peroxide?
II. Background: state what you know about the question
(what you know about enzymes, substrate, the variable tested, etc)
III. Hypothesis: An increase in ___ will cause the rate of
reaction to ___.
IV. Procedure: (sketch & label your design)
Lab – Enzyme Rate of Reaction
IV. Procedure: (sketch & label your design)
V. Data: (create your data table and graph axes here)
VI. Conclusion: (must be complete sentences for credit!)
- data summary
- support or not
- SoE
- how to fix
Lab - Denaturation
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V. Data Describe what happened.
VI. Conclusion
Strong acid causes enzyme reactions to…
High temp causes enzyme reactions to…
This effect is called ____________.