Transcript Chapter 18 Classification

Science Venn Diagram
GGenetics
All of these
sciences are
related and
overlap!!
EEEvolution
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Taxonomy
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Classification
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Species of Organisms
•There are 3 million known
species of organisms
•This is only 5% of all
organisms that ever lived!!!!!
•New organisms are still being
found and identified
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What is a SPECIES?????
A group of organisms
that can naturally
interbreed
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What is Classification?
Classification is the
arrangement of organisms into
orderly groups based on their
similarities
Classification is also known as
taxonomy
Taxonomists are scientists that
identify & name organisms
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Benefits of Classifying
•Accurately names organisms
•differences
Provides clues to physical
•starfish
Prevents misnomers such as
& jellyfish that aren't
really fish
Uses same language (Latin or
some Greek) for all names
•
Sea”horse”??
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Why LATIN?
Latin was chosen because –
-educated people knew the meaning of the
terms
-it could be used as an international language it could gap the language barrier
-the language wouldn’t change with society
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Confusion in Using Different
Languages for Names
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Latin Names are Understood by
all Taxonomists
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What does mephitis mean in Latin??
Noun
1.A noxious gas emanating
from something, esp. from
the earth.
2.A foul or poisonous stench.
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Early Taxonomists
•2500 years ago,
Aristotle was the
first taxonomist
Aristotle divided
organisms into
plants & animals
He subdivided
them by their
habitat ---land,
sea, or air dwellers
•
•
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Where do you put this guy????
Honk Honk
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Early Taxonomists
•John Ray, a
botanist, was
the first to
use Latin for
naming
His names
were very long
descriptions
telling
everything
about the plant
•
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Carolus Linnaeus
1707 – 1778
• 18th century
•
•
Swedish
Naturalist
Classified
organisms by
their structure
Developed
naming system
still used
today
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Carolus Linnaeus
•Called the “Father of
Taxonomy”
•Developed the modern
system of naming known
as binomial nomenclature
Two-word name (Genus &
species)
•
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Canis lupus
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Term Meaning
BI= 2
NOMIAL= NAME
NOMENCLATURE= NAMING
SYSTEM
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Standardized Naming
•Binomial
nomenclature used
•Genus species
•Latin or Greek
•Italicized in print
•Capitalize genus,
but NOT species
•Underline when
Turdus migratorius
writing
American Robin
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Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?
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Bear or Raccoon???
The giant panda shares characteristics with both the
red panda and bears. As a result, scientists have
argued on how to classify giant pandas.
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Classification Groups
• Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a
•
•
category into which related
organisms are placed
There is a hierarchy of groups
(taxa) from broadest to most
specific
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus, species
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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
BROADEST TAXON
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum(Division–is used for plants)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
Most
Specific
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Dumb
Kings
Play
Chess
On
Fat
Green
Stools
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3 Domains
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6 kingdom Classification System
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Domains
• Broadest, most inclusive taxon
Three domains based on RNA
differences
1-Archaea – ancient bacteria
found in harsh environments
2-Bacteria- modern bacteria
found in common places
3-Eukarya- organisms that have a
nucleus
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ARCHAEA
• Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA
• Probably the 1 cells to evolve
• Live in HARSH environments
• Found in:
–Sewage Treatment Plants
(Methanogens)
–Thermal or Volcanic Vents
(Thermophiles)
–Hot Springs or Geysers that are
acid
–Very salty water (Dead Sea;
st
Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles
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BACTERIA
• Kingdom - EUBACTERIA
• Some may cause DISEASE
• Found in ALL HABITATS except
harsh ones
• Important decomposers for
environment
• Commercially important in making
cottage cheese, yogurt,
buttermilk, etc.
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Domain Eukarya is Divided
into 4 Kingdoms
•Protista
•Fungi
•Plantae
•Animalia
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•THESE ARE
•
Protista
ORGANISMS THAT
ARE NOT PLANTS,
ANIMALS OR
FUNGUS
Can be unicellular
or multicellular
Can be autotrophic
or heterotrophic
All Are
Aquatic/microscopic
Normally Asexual
•
•
•
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Examples of Protists
Amoebas, Green Algae, Dinoflaggellates
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Fungi
• Multicellular,
except yeast
• Absorptive
•
heterotrophs
(digest food
outside their
body & then
absorb it)
Cell walls
made of chitin
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Examples of Fungi
Molds
Yeasts
Mushrooms
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Plantae
•Multicellular
•Autotrophic
•Absorb sunlight
to make glucose –
Photosynthesis
Cell walls made of
cellulose
•
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• Multicellular
• Ingestive
•
•
Animalia
heterotrophs
(consume food
& digest it
inside their
bodies)
Feed on plants
or animals
Movement!
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Taxons
•Most genera contain a
number of similar species
•The genus Homo is an
exception (only contains
modern humans)
Classification is based on
evolutionary relationships
•
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Basis for Modern Taxonomy
•Homologous structures (same
structure, different
function)
Similar embryo development
Molecular Similarity in DNA,
RNA, or amino acid sequence
of Proteins
•
•
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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows
Similarities in mammals.
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Similarities in Vertebrate
Embryos
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Cladogram
Diagram showing how organisms are related
based on shared, derived characteristics
such as feathers, hair, or scales
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Primate
Cladogram
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Dichotomous Keying
•Used to identify organisms
•Characteristics given in
pairs
•Read both characteristics
and either go to another
set of characteristics OR
identify the organism
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Example of Dichotomous Key
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
Tentacles present – Go to 2
Tentacles absent – Go to 3
Eight Tentacles – Octopus
More than 8 tentacles – 3
Tentacles hang down – go to 4
Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
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Thanks for Watching!!