Transcript Pomegranate Peels extract

Super fruit, Pomegranate:
A light on phytochemicals and their benefits to the human
health
Zainab Mansur(ZM)
Diana Juarez(DJ)
Yan Yang(YY)
Akshata Kulkarni (AK)
Introduction
Zainab Mansur (ZM)
Introduction
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a member of punicaceae family.
Has one genus and two species.
Native fruit to the Mediterranean and Central and Southern Asia.
Today pomegranate grows throughout large areas including Asia, Africa, India, and some parts of the USA.
UCDAVIS, 2013)
Description
The plant is a small tree or shrub, deciduous with multiple
suckers from the base.
• Flowers are red to red-orange in color.
• Funnel shape.
Semi-round fleshy fruit consists of arils
and surrounded by leathery skin (rind).
World Production
The world production of
pomegranates is about 2.5
million tons (2007).
World Pomegranate production in 2007. (USAID, 2008)
Distribution and Climate
• Tropical and a subtropical fruit.
• Thrives in mild winter and hot, dry summer climates.
• Chilling injury occurs at -12 ⁰C.
• Rain is unfavorable during the last stages of the fruit
development and causes fruit splitting.
Present
Pomegranate distribution in the USA. (USDA, 2013)
Absent/Unreported
Post-harvest
• Low respiration rate (5-10 mg CO2 kg-1 hr-1).
• Very low ethylene production (<0.1 μL C2H4 kg-1 hr-1).
• Moderate perishable and can be shipped without any problems as long as bruising is avoided.
• Has a shelf life up to 3 months at 5-7 ⁰C.
Copyright © 2010 Amit Agro-Fresh
Phytochemicals in Pomegranate
YAN YANG (YY)
Pomegranate Juice
1. Its juice holds a higher capacity of antioxidant than other commonly consumed
polyphenol-rich beverages in the United States.
2. The ellagitannin is one of the most important polyphenolic antioxidant in
pomegranate juice.
3. The pomegranate juice producing process bring in a certain quantity of watersoluble punicalagins.
Predominant Phytochemicals found in Pomegranate:
• Ellagitannins: punicalagins and punicalins
• Free Ellagic acid and Ellagic acid glycosides
• Anthocyanin: delphinidin, cyanidin
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101119083126.htm
Pomegranate Peel
1. Pomegranate peel are build up around 26-30% of total fruit weight.
2. Gallic acid, ellagic acid and punicalagin play an important role in antibacterial
activities.
3. The mechanism of antimicrobial activity:precipitation of membrane protein, causing
microbial cell lysis.
Punicalagin:
c
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punicalagin.PNG
Pomegranate Seed
1. Pomegranate seed oil contains more than 70% conjugated linolenic acid.
2. The complex of pomegranate seed oil has functions in antiflammatory activity,
cancer chemoprevention, especially for colon cancer and breast cancer.
3. Pomegranate seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acid suppresses chemically
induced colon carcinogenesis in rats (Kohno 2004).
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00131.x/full
http://www.fushi.co.uk/body-care/massage-body-oils/pomegranate-seed-oil-organic.html
Health Benefits
Diana Juarez (DJ)
“A single pomegranate contains nearly a quarter of the USDA’s daily recommended amount of
dietary fiber, which helps you feel full and maintain a healthy weight,”
says Jennifer Franklin, a Registered Dietitian at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center in
Nashville.
Ancient medicine
• Pomegranate has been documented since
1550 B.C. (Stover & Mercure, 2007)
• Egyptians
• juice and wine
• Intestinal worms
• Greek mythology
• Fruit of immortality
• Chinese
• “soul concentrate”
• Hebrews
• peel and arils
• Stomach ache, respiratory problems,
antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory
Photo : Sanders & Kingsnorth (2012)
Jurenka, J. (2008). Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): a review. Alternative medicine review, 13(2), 128-144;
Sanders, D. L., & Kingsnorth, A. N. (2012). From ancient to contemporary times: a concise history of incisional hernia repair. Hernia, 16(1), 17.; Stover, E. and Mercure, E.W., 2007. The pomegranate: A new look at the fruit of paradise. Hortscience 42:1088-1092.
Traditional medicine
• Ayurveda
• Anti-parasitic, blood tonic,
diarrhea, and ulcers
• Use all parts of the plant (roots,
bark, leaves, flowers, and fruit)
• Unani
• Prevent diabetes
• Practiced in Middle East and India
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illustra
tion_Punica_granatum2.jpg
Jurenka, J. (2008). Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica
granatum L.): a review. Alternative medicine review, 13(2), 128-144
Pomegranate today
• Health benefits
•
•
•
•
Oral health
Regulate cholesterol
Prostate cancer
Cardiovascular
• Clinical trials 145
• POM Wonderful
• 2012 sales have increase 30%
U.S Government Agency, U.S National Library of Medicine. (2013). Medline: Pomegranate.
Retrieved from website: http://search.medscape.com/medlinesearch?queryText=pomegranate&navState=21&sortBy=&fromMonth=&fromYear=&toMo
nth=&toYear=&dateDimId=21&CMEDimId=&pagerOffset=0&search_type=&contentType=
http://www.pomwonderful.com/pomegranateproducts/freshfruit/pom-fresh/
Akshata Kulkarni(AK)
• Antioxidant
• Anticarcinogenic
• Anti-inflammatory properties
• Benefits can be explored in the treating infant brain ischemia, male infertility, Alzheimer's disease,
arthritis, and obesity. (Langley, 2000)
Antioxidant properties:
• Pomegranate Peels extract
Antioxidant activity of Pomegranate peels extracts and
BHA by βcarotene-linoleate system
Radical scavenging activity of Pomegranate peels
extracts and BHA by DPPH system
Adapted from: R. P. Singh, K. N. Chidambara Murthy and, and G. K. Jayaprakasha Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002 50 (1), 81-86
Antioxidant activity of Pomegranate seeds extracts and
BHA by βcarotene-linoleate system
% Radical scavenging activity
• Pomegranate seeds extract
% Antioxidant Activity
Antioxidant properties:
Radical scavenging activity of Pomegranate seeds
extracts and BHA by DPPH system
Adapted from: R. P. Singh, K. N. Chidambara Murthy and, and G. K. Jayaprakasha Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002 50 (1), 81-86
Antiproliferative properties against human oral tumor cells
CAL27cell line
KB cell line
Punicalagin
EA
PJ
TPT
Concentration µg/ml
Proliferation
Proliferation
Legend:
Concentration µg/ml
Graphs showing antiproliferative activities of punicalagin, Ellagic acid(EA), Total Pomegranate tannins (TPT),
Pomegranate Juice(PJ) against human oral tumor cells lines KB and CAL27 for 48 hr
Adapted from: Journal of nutritional biochemistry [0955-2863] Seeram yr: 2005 vol: 16 iss: 6 pg: 360 -367
Antiproliferative properties against human colon tumor cells
SW 620 cell line
SW 460 cell line
Punicalagin
EA
PJ
TPT
Concentration µg/ml
Proliferation
Proliferation
Legend:
Concentration µg/ml
Graphs showing antiproliferative activities of punicalagin, Ellagic acid(EA), Total Pomegranate tannins (TPT),
Pomegranate Juice(PJ) against human colon tumor cells lines SW 460 and SW 620 for 48 hr
Adapted from: Journal of nutritional biochemistry [0955-2863] Seeram yr: 2005 vol: 16 iss: 6 pg: 360 -367
Antiproliferative properties against human colon tumor cells
HCT 116 cell line
Proliferation
Legend:
Punicalagin
EA
PJ
TPT
Proliferation
HT 29 cell line
Concentration µg/ml
Concentration µg/ml
Graphs showing antiproliferative activities of punicalagin, Ellagic acid(EA), Total Pomegranate tannins (TPT),
Pomegranate Juice(PJ) against human colon tumor cells lines HT 29 and HCT 116 for 48 hr
Adapted from: Journal of nutritional biochemistry [0955-2863] Seeram yr: 2005 vol: 16 iss: 6 pg: 360 -367
Effect of pomegranate juice consumption on cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity and
expression
• On the other hand, there is a complex interplay between tumor
initiation, promotion, and progression and xenobiotic
biotranformation.
• It was found that pomegranate juice consumption decreased
total hepatic CYP content as well as the expression of CYP1A2
and CYP3A
Hepatic CYP450 content in mice treated
with Pomegranate Juice(PJ) and control
Pomegranate Juice Effects on Cytochrome P450s Expression:In VivoStudies, Journal of medicinal food [1096-620X] Faria yr: 2007 vol: 10 iss: 4 pg: 643 -649
Pomegranate peel extracts inhibits ROS-dependent luminol-amplified chemilumniscence
in resting and stimulated neutrophils
Effect of PGE on BALF cell content of mice
Total cell counts in vehicle,
PGE, LPS and LPS+PGE
Neutrophil count in vehicle,
PGE, LPS and LPS+PGE
Bachoual, Rafik, et al. "An aqueous pomegranate peel extract inhibits neutrophil myeloperoxidase in vitro and attenuates lung inflammation in mice."Food and Chemical Toxicology 49.6
(2011): 1224-1228.
To determine the effects of pomegranate consumption
• Study 1: on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression in men: Patient serum showed
12% in cell proliferation,
17% in apoptosis and
23% serum nitric oxide
• Study 2: on Pulse wave velocity and Blood Pressure:
No effect of the intervention seen on PWV,
PJ supplementation had benefits for BP significant fall in systolic and diastolic BP
• Study 3: on Angiotensin converting enzyme activity:
36% in serum ACE activity and 5% in systolic blood pressure
wide protection against cardiovascular diseases
• Study 4: on hypercholesterolemia and LDL:
Patients with hypercholesterolemia significantly reduced the levels of plasma cholesterol and LDL.
The reduction in LDL attenuation of the development of atherosclerotic lesions
• Study 5: on carotid artery stenosis (CAS) and BP :
Pomegranate Juice reduces carotid IMT and systolic blood pressure
Meta- analysis???
• No published meta analysis study available
• One available is on the comparison of antioxidant activity between apple juice and pomegranate juice
• PJ has greater antioxidant activity compared to that of apple juice
Bioavailability
• Bioavailability of ellagitannins,including punicalagin,
has not been previously described in humans.
• No intact punicalagin, punicalin or ellagic acid
conjugates were detected in human plasma or urine
• Few metabolites were detected in urine and plasma after
25H of juice intake metabolites produced in the distal
part of the intestine by the action of colon bacteria
• Large difference in metabolite productiondifference in
colon microflora
• Stress should be given more on colonic microflora
metabolites rather than to phenolics present in the juice!
Scheme of the study design
Cerdá, Begoña, et al. "The potent in vitro antioxidant ellagitannins from pomegranate juice are metabolised into bioavailable but poor antioxidant hydroxy–6H–dibenzopyran–6–one derivatives
by the colonic microflora of healthy humans." European journal of nutrition 43.4 (2004): 205-220
Toxicity
• In general, the pomegranate fruit and its components are considered safe for human consumption
• the juice is widely consumed and no serious adverse events have been reported in clinical trials
althoughthese have been limited in number and size
• However, diarrhoea was reported more frequently in patients taking a larger dose (3g) than in those
taking a smaller dose (1g) in one trial
• No observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for this standardized pomegranate fruit extract with
30% punicalagins was determined as 600 mg/kg body weight/day
Patel, Chintan, et al. "Safety assessment of pomegranate fruit extract: Acute and subchronic toxicity studies." Food and Chemical Toxicology 46.8 (2008): 2728-2735.
Conclusion
• Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a member of punicaceae family.
• The world production of pomegranates is about 2.5 million tons
• Predominant Phytochemicals found in Pomegranate are ellagitannins: punicalagins and punicalins,
Ellagic acid and Anthocyanin: delphinidin, cyaniding
• Pomegranates have numerous benefits towards human health due to their antioxidant,
anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties
• These are supported by number of in-vitro and in-vivo studies along with a number of clinical trials
• No meta-analysis reported so far except for one on its antioxidant properties
• Bioavailability seen to be poor