Transcript C - sciencegeek

Ch. 22 & 24 Organic and BioChemistry
BIOCHEMISTRY
The chemistry of living matter
Polymer:
• Large molecule formed by the covalent
bonding of repeating smaller molecules.
Monomer:
• Small molecules that combine to form
polymers.
• Large molecules (polymers) are
formed by repetitive combinations
of simple subunits (monomers).
• Some types of polymers (monomers):
• Proteins (amino acids)
• Lipids (Triglycerides)
• Nucleic Acids (nucleotides)
• Polysaccharides (monosaccharides)
Amino Acids – Proteins
Fatty Acids – Triglycerides
Nucleotides –
Nucleic Acids
Monosaccharides –
Polysaccharides
Organic Chemistry
• Study of CARBON containing
compounds.
• Studies substances found only in living
organisms
• Why would there be an entire branch of
chemistry that focuses on Carbon?
What makes carbon so special
compared to all of the other elements?
Valence Electrons and the
Octet Rule
• What are Valence Electrons?
• Electrons available for bonding (Outer shell
electrons)
• What is the octet rule?
• Atoms want to have 8 valence electrons (with
2 exceptions)
• Bonding patterns of atoms can be
explained by an atom’s valence electrons
and its desire to complete octet rule.
Why is Carbon so Special?
• It has four valence
electrons, therefore it
always forms four
covalent bonds.
• They can link
together to form
chains, branches,
and rings.
Bonding Review
• List the types of bonds atoms can make and
describe the difference between them?
• Evaluate which types of bonds would be
strongest?
• Bio and Organic Chemistry focuses on
Covalent Bonds.
• Molecules tend to be large, and are
composed of mostly non-metals
Bonding Characteristics
Use the HONC 1234 rule to explain
the number of covalent bonds an
atom will make.
H – Hydrogen
O – Oxygen
N – Nitrogen
C – Carbon
1 covalent bond
2 covalent bonds
3 covalent bonds
4 covalent bonds
Amino Acids – Proteins
Fatty Acids – Triglycerides
Nucleotides –
Nucleic Acids
Monosaccharides –
Polysaccharides
HYDROCARBONS
• Compounds that contain only
Hydrogen and Carbon
• Types of Hydrocarbons:
• Alkanes = single covalent bond
• Alkenes = double covalent bond
• Alkynes = triple covalent bond
Methane
CH4
Ethane
C2H6 Heptane
PropaneC3H8
Hexane
C6H14
C7H16
Octane
C8H18
Butane
C4H10 Nonane
C9H20
Pentane
C5H12 Decane
C10H22
H
H C H
H
Line
represents a
covalent bond
(shared
electron pair).
Methane Molecule
Exit Slip
FRONT:
1. List the four main polymers and include the
monomer that makes them up in
(parenthesis)
2. Name the type of bond that holds
monomers together to form polymers.
BACK:
• Write a “Tweet” (about 25 words) describing
something you learned today (include a
hash tag if you want)
C C C C CC
C
C
Dash between carbons is
a covalent bond.
Dash on the outside represents a hydrogen.
C C C C CC
C
C
1. Count the longest chain. (You may
bend corners!)
This is hexane since it has six carbons.
C6 C5 C4 C3 C2 C1
C
C
2. Now number the chain from
the end closest to a side branch.
3. Name the side branches and
assign numbers to them. Names
for branches end in –yl.
C6 C5 C4 C3 C2 C1
C
C
4. If multiple branches of the
same thing, then use prefixes
di, tri, tetra, etc.
This is 2,4 - dimethylhexane
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
• Saturated:
• Organic compounds that contain the
maximum number of hydrogen atoms per
carbon. (All Single Bonds) – Alkanes.
• Unsaturated:
• Organic compounds that contain less than
the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
per carbon. (Double and Triple Bonds) –
Alkenes and Alkynes.
These are hydrocarbons
containing double bonds somewhere
in the main chain.
These are hydrocarbons
containing triple bonds somewhere
in the main chain.
1. Find the longest chain in the molecule
that contains the double bond.
2. The chain is numbered so that the
carbon atoms of the double bond get the
lowest possible number.
3. The root name is followed by the
suffix –ene (or –yne)
4. Name the branches the same.
C C C C C
1
2
3
4
5
This is 2-Pentene.
Notice some of the hydrogen atoms
appear to be “missing”. Each carbon
atom may only have four bonds.
Compounds having the
same molecular formula
but different structures.
C
CC C C
CCC
Butane
2 - Methylpropane
Structures differ in geometry.
Trans configuration is when the
substituted groups are on opposite
sides of the double bond.
Cis configuration is when the
substituted groups are on the same
side as the double bond.
CH3
H trans-2-Pentene
C=C
H
CH2CH3
CH3
CH2CH3
C=C
cis-2- Pentene
H
H
Atoms of the same molecular structure
that differ only in the arrangement of the
atoms in space. They are mirror images.
• Cyclic Hydrocarbons
• Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Compounds that contain a
hydrocarbon ring.
Hydrocarbon compounds that
do not contain a ring are known
as aliphatic compounds.
C
C
cyclopropane
C
C
cyclobutane
C
C
C
C
C
C
cyclopentane
C
C
C
C
C
C
cyclohexane
C
C
Any organic compound
containing a benzene ring.
Each corner contains a carbon
atom. There are alternating
double bonds between carbons.
One hydrogen is attached to
each carbon.
A specific arrangement of atoms in
an organic compound that is capable
of characteristic chemical reactions.
Functional groups are attached
to hydrocarbon chains.
A common type of organic reaction
in which an atom or group of atoms
replaces another atom or group of
atoms.
CH4 + Cl2
Methane
Chlorine
CH3Cl + HCl
Chloromethane
Hydrogen chloride
The –OH functional group in alcohols
is called a hydroxyl group.
CH3 – CH2 – OH
Ethyl alcohol or ethanol
A substance is added at the
double or triple bond of an
alkene or alkyne.
OH
C=C
Ethene
+ H
OH
Water
C
C
Ethanol
Compounds in which oxygen is
bonded to two carbon groups.
The general structure of an ether
is R-O-R. (Where “R” represents
a carbon chain of any length.)
Ethylmethyl
ether
CH
–
CH
–
O
–
CH
3
2
3
A carbonyl group consists of a carbon
atom and an oxygen atom joined by a
double bond. (C=O)
Aldehydes are organic compounds in
which the carbon of the carbonyl
group is always joined to at least one
hydrogen. The general formula for
an aldehyde is RCHO.
organic compounds in which the
carbon of the carbonyl group is
joined to two other carbons.
The general formula for a
ketone is RCOR.
O
R-C-H
R-C-R
Aldehyde
Ketone
O
The name for an aldehyde ends
in –anal.
The name for a ketone ends in
–anone.
Compounds with a carboxyl
group. (a carbonyl group
attached to a hydroxyl group.)
O
R-C-OH
The general formula is
RCOOH. The name
ends in –oic acid.
Derivatives of carboxylic
acids in which the –OH of the
carboxyl group has been replaced
by an –OR from an alcohol.
The general formula O
is RCOOR.
R-C
O -R
Many esters
have pleasant
fruity odors.
They are also responsible
for giving some perfumes
their fragrances.