Transcript Inorganic Compounds

Chemistry of Life
Chemistry of Life
 Matter
-- anything that has
MASS and takes up SPACE
 EVERYTHING
matter
is made of
Chemistry of Life
– the SMALLEST
particle that can exist and
still be considered matter
 Atoms
 All
LIVING and NONLIVING
things are made of atoms
Atoms
 ELECTRONS
-- negatively
charged
 PROTONS -- positively
charged; found in nucleus
 NEUTRONS -- neutral; found in
nucleus
Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions occur when
bonds are FORMED or BROKEN.

This causes them to recombine into
different substances.
Chemical Reactions

Metabolism
– All reactions that occur in an
organisms.

These reactions break down and build
molecules important to life.
Chemical Reactions

Mixture:
– A combination of a substance in
which the individual components
contain their own property.
Chemistry of the Cell

Solution:
– A mixture in which one or more
substances are distributed evenly in
another substance.
Solvent:
Solute:
•A substance that
•The substance
can dissolve other that is dissolved
substances
Chemistry of Life
 Elements
-- a substance
that is made of only ONE
kind of ATOM
Reading Periodic Table
Element
Atomic
Number
Symbol
The Human Body
Major Elements of Life
C
= Carbon
 H = Hydrogen
 O = Oxygen
 P = Phosphorus
 K = Potassium
Major Elements of Life
I
= Iodine
 N = Nitrogen
 S = Sulfur
 Ca = Calcium
Major Elements of Life
 Fe
= Iron
 Mg = Magnesium
 Na = Sodium
 Cl = Chlorine
Chemistry of Life
– matter that is
made of more than one kind of
ATOM
 Compounds are made by atoms
sharing or taking ELECTRONS
from other atom
 Compounds
Inorganic Compounds
 Water
( H2O )
 Each molecule is made of
two HYDROGEN atoms
and one OXYGEN atom
Water –H20
Why is water so
important to agriculture?
 At
least 75% of animal body
mass is water
 Plants contain 70-80% water
 Transports nutrients and
wastes
Why is water so
important to agriculture?
 Dissolves
compounds -“Universal Solvent”
 Regulates body temperature
in animals
 Provides structure for plants
Water: Drop of Life
Inorganic Compound
Inorganic Compounds: Water
• Polar molecule
Properties of Water
• Ability to dissolve substances
Universal
Solvent
- Polar
substances
dissociate,
forming
solutes
Properties of Water
• Hydrogen-bonding Ability
Hydrogen
bonding between
water molecules
makes water a
temperature
buffer.
Properties of Water
• High heat capacity
Properties of Water
• High heat of vaporization
Properties of Water
• High heat of fusion
PH

Chemical reactions also depend on the pH of
the environment within the organism.

pH–
A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.
ACIDS AND BASES
PH

The scale goes from 0-14
–
–
0 being the most acidic
14 being the most basic
BIOLOGICAL USES OF ACIDS
The
stomach is highly acidic,
limiting the chances of
survival of harmful pathogens
we ingest.
ACID
• An acid is a
substance releases
Hydrogen ion (H+).
HCl  H+ + Cl
STRONG ACIDS
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
Nitric Acid (HNO3)
WEAK ACIDS
Citric
Acid
Boric Acid
Ascorbic Acid
Carbonic Acid
Acetic Acid
Salicylic Acid
THE USES OF ACIDS IN OUR DAILY LIFE
Acids
Use
Benzoic acid
Its salt are used to preserve food
Carbonic acid
To make carbonated drinks
Ethanoic acid
A main compound of vinegar
Hydrochloric acid
To clean metals before electroplating
/ household cleaning / leather
processing / swimming pool
maintenance
Nitric acid
Production of fertilisers, explosives,
etching and dissolution of metals
(purification and extraction of gold)
Sulphuric acid
To make detergent, polymer and
fertilisers.
Tartaric acid
Manufacturing of soft drinks, provide
tartness to food, as an emetic (a
substance to induce vomiting)
BASE
• A base is a
substance that yields
hydroxide ions
(OH) in a water
solution.
NaOH  Na+ + OH
BIOLOGICAL USES OF BASES
The
intestines are highly
alkali, and this high pH also
contributes as part of our
immune system.
STRONG BASES
 Sodium
hydroxide (NaOH)
-Used in the manufacturing of
soaps, detergents, and cleaners.
 Ammonium
hydroxide (NH4OH)
-As a food additive, ammonium
hydroxide is used as an
antimicrobial (beef in fast food).
WEAK BASES
Ammonium
(NH4OH)
hydroxide
THE USES OF BASES IN OUR DAILY LIFE
Bases
Uses
Ammonia
Production of fertilizers (ammonium
and nitrate salts), used in the
manufacture of nitric acid, neutralise
the acid (in the petroleum industry)
and prevent premature coagulation in
natural / synthetic latex.
Aluminium hydroxide
Manufacture other aluminium
compound and to make gastric
medicine (antacid)
Calcium hydroxide
To make cement, limewater,
neutralise the acidity of soil and
application of sewage treatment.
Sodium hydroxide
Used in the manufacturing of soaps,
detergents, and cleaners.
Magnesium hydroxide
Suspension of magnesium hydroxide
in water are used as an antacid, used
as an antiperspirant armpit
SALT
• A salt is a substance
that dissociates into
cations and anions,
neither of which is H+ or
OH.
NaCl  Na+ + Cl
BIOLOGICAL USES OF SALTS
Salts on the surface of the skin prevent
pathogens from thriving, because these
pathogens need water, and salt
competes with them for it.
 Also, having salts in our bloodstream
prevents water from entering our cells
causing them to burst, because water
goes wherever salt goes

OTHER INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Carbon
Dioxide
- used by plants during
photosynthesis
waste
product
of
animals
during
cell
metabolism
MINERALS

Calcium: Essential for developing and
maintaining healthy bones and teeth
Assists in blood clotting. muscle
contraction, nerve transmission, oxygen
transport. cellular secretion of fluids and
enzyme activity Optimal intake helps
reduce risk of osteoporosis.
MINERALS
Colbalt: Promotes the formulation of red
blood cells and and serves as a
component of the vitamin B-12.
 Copper: Essential to normal red blood
cell formation and connective tissue
formation. Acts as a catalyst to store and
release iron to help form haemoglobin.
Contributes to central nervous system
function.

MINERALS


Chromium: Aids in glucose metabolism
and helps regulate blood sugar by
potentiating insulin and serving as a
component of glucose tolerance factor.
Phosphorous: Works with calcium to
develop and maintain strong bones and
teeth. Enhances use of other nutrients
Key role in cell membrane integrity and
intercellular communication Critical for
proper energy processing in the body
MINERALS

Potassium: Regulates heartbeat, maintains
fluid balance and helps muscles contract.
Iron: Necessary for red blood cell
formation and Required for transport of
oxygen throughout the body. Important
for brain function. Amount needed is
higher in women of childbearing age.
 Iodine: Needed by the thyroid hormone to
support metabolism.

MINERALS
Zinc: Essential part of more than 200
enzymes involved in digestion,
metabolism, reproduction and wound
healing Critical role in immune response
Important antioxidant
 Manganese: Key component of enzyme
systems, including oxygen-handling
enzymes Supports brain function and
reproduction Required for blood sugar
regulation Part of bone structure.

MINERAL CONTAMINANTS GUIDE
Mineral
Contaminate Body Part
Affected
Protective Nutrient
Aluminum
Stomach, bones, brain
Possibly magnesium None
other known
Arsenic
Cells (cellular metabolism)
Selenium, lodine, calcium,
zinc, vitamin C, sulfur
amino acids
Cadmium
Renal cortex of the kidney,
heart, blood vessels to the
brain appetite and smell
center of the brain, every
known process in the
development of cancer
Zinc, calcium, vitamin C,
sulfur ammo acids
Lead
Bones, liver, kidney,
pancreas, heart, brain,
nervous system
Zinc, iron, calcium, vitamin
C, vitamin E, sulfur amino
acids
Mercury
Nervous system, appetite
and pain centers of the
brain, immune system, cell
membranes
Selenium, vitamin C.
pectin, sulfur amino acids