Transcript Organic Molecules

1. Hydroxyl group X-OH
Common in:
Alcohols
2. Amino group
X-NH2
Amino Acids
3. Carboxyl group
X-COOH
Amino Acids, Organic Molecules
4. Methyl group
X-CH3
Organic Molecules
5. Aldehyde group X-COH
Sugars
6. Sulfhydryl group X-S-H
Proteins
7. Ketone group
Sugars
X-CO-X
8. Phosphate group X-H2-PO4
Cells as energy carriers
X is used to represent an unnamed molecule that the functional group is attached to.
Formed by bonding small molecules
[monomers] together into chains
called polymers
These larger molecules, macromolecules,
may be composed of thousands of atoms.
The 4 major classes of macromolecules are:
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic
acids.
Carbohydrates – Carbohydrates are
compounds composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen, with the
general molecular formula CH2O.
A)Monosaccharides – A simple sugar or
carbohydrate which cannot be broken
down into a sugar. Its molecular
formula is C6H12O6, & the most common
is glucose.
Glucose
B) Disaccharide – A double sugar or a
combination of two simple sugar
molecules. Sucrose, maltose, and
lactose are disaccharides.
C) Polysaccharide
–polysaccharide
A
polysaccharide
Animals
One
Starch
Plants
function
can
isthat
astore
storage
feed
of surplus
polysaccharides
on
plants,
glucose
especially
in
is starch
as anis a
complex
compound
composed
ofthis
energy
composed
and
parts
withdraw
rich
storage
inentirely
starch,
itmacromolecule
when
of
can
glucose
needed
also access
monomers.
for
that
energy
isa large
or
number
ofasglucose
Examples are
hydrolyzed
carbon.
starch
to support
needed.
their units.
own metabolism.
starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
Starch granules in
potato tuber cells
Glycogen granules in
muscle tissue
Cellulose fibrils in
a plant cell wall
Cellulose
molecules
Glucose
monomer
STARCH
GLYCOGEN
CELLULOSE
Animals also store glucose in a polysaccharide
called glycogen.
Humans and other vertebrates store
glycogen in the liver and muscles but only
have about a one day supply.
Structural polysaccharides form strong
building materials.
Cellulose is a major component of the
tough wall of plant cells.
Many
eukaryotic
like
cows and
termites,
Cellulose
Some
microbes
in ourherbivores,
can
fooddigest
passes
cellulose
through
tothe
its
have
symbiotic
digestive
glucose
monomers
tract,relationships
stimulating
throughwith
the
thecellulolytic
secretion
use of cellulase
of
microbes,
allowing
them
access
to
this
rich
source
of
mucus, and is eliminated in feces as “insoluble
enzymes.
energy.
fiber”.
Another important structural polysaccharide is
chitin, used in the exoskeletons of arthropods
(including insects, spiders, and crustaceans).
Chitin also forms the structural support for the
cell walls of many fungi.
Lipids are organic compounds that dissolve
The
unifying
feature
of lipids
is that they all
poorly,
if at all,
in water
(hydrophobic).
All
have
oroils)
no affinity
for water.
is
lipidslittle
(fat &
are composed
of This
carbon,
because
their
are dominated
hydrogen,
andstructures
oxygen where
the ratio by
of
nonpolar
hydrogencovalent
atoms tobonds.
oxygen atoms is greater than
2:1.
Saturated
Unsaturated
Unsaturated
A fat is constructed from two kinds of
smaller molecules, glycerol and fatty acids.
Glycerol consists of a three carbon skeleton
with a hydroxyl group attached to each.
A fatty acid consists of a carboxyl group
attached to a long carbon skeleton.
If there are one or more carbon-carbon double
bonds, then the molecule is an unsaturated
fatty acid - formed by the removal of hydrogen
atoms from the carbon skeleton.
Saturated fatty acids are
straight chains, but
unsaturated fatty acids
have a kink wherever
there is a double bond.
Most animal fats are saturated fats which are
solid at room temperature.
A diet rich in saturated fats may contribute to
cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) through
plaque deposits.
Plantwith
Fats
and unsaturated
fish fats, known
fatty as
acids
oils,are
areunsaturated
liquid at
fats. temperature.
room
The kinks provided by the double bonds prevent
the molecules from packing tightly together.
The major function of fats is energy storage.
A gram of fat stores more than twice as much
energy as a gram of a polysaccharide.
Humans and other
mammals store fats as
long-term energy
reserves in adipose cells.
Fat also functions to
cushion vital organs.
A layer of fats can also function as insulation.
This subcutaneous layer is especially thick in
whales, seals, and most other marine mammals.
Phospholipids have two fatty
acids attached to glycerol
and a phosphate group at the
third position.
The interaction of phospholipids with water is
complex.
The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but the
phosphate group and its attachments form a
hydrophilic head.
When phospholipids are added to water, they
self-assemble into aggregates with hydrophobic
tails pointing toward the center and hydrophilic
heads on the outside.
Phospholipids are the major component of
membranes.
Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes phosphorus
and sulfur. Approx. 50% of the dry weight of
living matter is protein.
Proteins are instrumental in about everything
that an organism does.
These functions include
structural support,
storage, transport of other
substances, intercellular
signaling, movement, and
defense against foreign
substances.
Proteins are instrumental in about everything
that an organism does.
Proteins are the
overwhelming enzymes
in a cell and regulate
metabolism by
selectively accelerating
chemical reactions.
Humans have tens of thousands of different
proteins, each with their own structure and
function.
Amino acids consist of four components
attached to a central carbon, the alpha carbon.
These components include
a hydrogen atom, a
carboxyl group, an amino
group, and a variable R
group (or side chain).
*Differences in R groups
produce the 20 different
amino acids.
The physical and chemical characteristics
of the R group determine the unique
characteristics of a particular amino acid.
One group of amino acids has hydrophobic
R groups.
Another group of amino acids has polar R
groups, making them hydrophilic.
The last group of amino acids includes
those with functional groups that are
charged (ionized) at cellular pH.
*Some R groups are bases, others are acids.
20 amino acids are the building blocks of
all proteins.
Polypeptides – Amino acids are assembled into
polypeptides by means of peptide bonds. This
is formed by a condensation reaction between
the COOH groups and the NH2 groups
Carboxyl
group
Amino
group
PEPTIDE
BOND
Dehydration
synthesis
Amino acid
Amino acid
Dipeptide
Peptide Bond = A bond between two
amino acids.
 The
primary structure
of a protein is its unique
sequence of amino acids.
 The
secondary
structure of a protein
results from hydrogen
bonds at regular intervals
along the polypeptide
backbone.
 Tertiary
structure is
determined by a variety
of interactions among
R groups and between
R groups and the
polypeptide backbone.
Quaternary structure – The manner in
which two or more independently folded
subunits fit together.
*The Protein is
now Functional
Protein that speeds up a chemical
reaction
*Involved in nearly all metabolic
processes.
Enzymes lower the amount of activation
energy needed for a reaction, allowing it
to occur more rapidly. The enzyme binds
with the substrate but resumes its
original conformation after forming the
enzyme-substrate complex.
Coenzymes-These are metal ions or nonproteinaceous organic molecules that bind
briefly and loosely to some enzymes. The
coenzyme is necessary for the catalytic
reaction of such enzymes.
Cofactors-These are any organic or inorganic
substance, especially an ion, that is required
for the function of an enzyme.
Nucleic Acids – long polymers
involved in heredity and in the
manufacture of different kinds of
proteins. The two most important
nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
Nucleotides – These are the building
blocks of nucleic acids. Nucleotides are
complex molecules composed of a
nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and
a phosphate group.
DNA – Chromosomes and genes are
composed mainly of DNA. It is
composed of Deoxyribose,
nitrogenous bases, and phosphate
groups.
Thymine
Cytosine
NH2
O
Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous Base
O
CH3
Sugar
N
OH
N
O
O
N
H
N
H
Double Bond
Triple Bond
Guanine
Adenine
O
N
NH2
N
N
N
H
HN
N
H2N
N
N
H
RNA – is involved in protein synthesis.
Unlike DNA, it is composed of the sugar
ribose and the nitrogenous base uracil
instead of thymine.
Describe the four major groups of
organic compounds that compose
the human body. Include their
chemical make-up in your essay,
but focus on their function and
importance to organic life forms.