Transcript Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry

Organic Chemistry & Carbohydrates
Subject:786 life sciences
PRESENTATOR: Syed Zahid Ali
FACULTY:Sir Ramash Kumar
NEW LIFE COLLEGE OF NURSING.
Objectives
By the end of the session, learners will be able to:
Review the definition of organic chemistry.
List and discuss the families of organic compounds.
Differentiate between alkanes,alkenes and alkynes.
Review carbohydrates
List and overview different classes of carbohydrates
Differentiate between mono-saccharides , disaccharides and polysaccha
Discuss the functions of carbohydrates in human body.
2
Organic Chemistry
• Organic chemistry is the chemistry
of carbon compounds.
• Carbon has the ability to form
long chains.
• Without this property, large
biomolecules such as proteins,
lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic
acids could not form.
Organic
Compounds
Typical organic compounds:
• Contain carbon
• Have covalent bonds
• Have low melting points
• Have low boiling points
• Are flammable (all burn)
• Are soluble in nonpolar solvents
• May be gases, liquids or solids
C3H8
Propane
Hydrocarbons
• There are three basic
types of hydrocarbons:
– Alkanes
– Alkenes
– Alkynes
Alkanes
• Alkanes contain only single bonds between C-C.
• Their general formula is CnH2n+2.
• They are also known as saturated hydrocarbons.
– They are “saturated” with hydrogens.
Naming of Alkanes
Prefix + ane
CnH2n+2
Alkenes
• Alkenes contain at least one double bonds
between C-C.
• Their general formula is CnH2n
• They are unsaturated.
– That is, they have fewer than the maximum number
of hydrogens.
Examples of Alkenes
Alkynes
• Alkynes contain at least one carbon–carbon
triple bond
• Their general formula is CnH2n-2
• They are also unsaturated.
Examples of Alkynes
CARBOHYDRATES(CHO)
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CHO are hydrates of carbon Or polyhydroxy
aldehyde Or polyhydroxy ketones.
Most abundant biomolecules on earth . Central
energy yielding molecules.

Composed of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen only .

General formula is Cn(H2O)n

Most names commonly ends....ose
Classification of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are classified into two main classes..
(a)Simple Carbohydrates
(b)Complex Carbohydrates

Simple Carbohydrates are also known as simple
sugars WHY?
-Because they are the simple common unit from which
CHO are built.
Simple Carbohydrates

They are of two types.
MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
Monosaccharides


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Are single sugar units which contain 3 or more Catoms.
There are three types that are important to human
body.
Glucose: main source of energy to the cells all other
CHO converted to glucose for digestion.
Fructose:also called fruit sugar founds in fruits and
honey.
Galactose:found in mammal milk as part of lactose.
Disaccharides

Are double sugar consisting of two similar or
dissimilar monosccharides bonded together.

On hydrolysis give two simple sugars

Examples are,
-Lactose
-Sucrose
-Maltose
Types of Disaccharides


Lactose/Milk sugar
Glucose+Galactose

Source: milk , curd , cheese

Sucrose/Invert Sugar

Glucose+Fructose

Sugar cane & Table sugar

Maltose


Glucose+Glucose
Sources:beers ,infant formula milk and syrups
COMPLEX CABOHYDRATES


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These are tasteless CHO made up of chains of
simple sugars and are known as Polysaccharides.
Generally more than 10 monosaccharides most are
made up of 100 of monosaccharides bonded
together.
There are two types of polysaccharides i.e. Starch &
Glycogen
Types of Polysaccharides
STARCH (plant,s storage)

Composed of glucose chain that may or may not be
branched.

Main source of CHO in human diet.

Two important classes are,

Amylose: a straight chain of glucose units.

Amylopectins: A branched chain of glucose units.
Types of polysaccharides
GLYCOGEN(animal,s storage)
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Composed of highly branched glucose units.
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Mostly founds in liver & skeletal muscles.
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Many branched points allows for rapid
breakdown to release glucose.
Involved in keeping blood glucose level constant.
Function of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are most abundant dietary source of
energy for all organisms.

They supply energy & serve as energy storage form.
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They provide flavor.

Participates in cellular functions such as cell growth ,
adhesion and fertilization.
Functions of Carbohydrates

CHO spares proteins

Prevents ketosis.

Glucose provide a source of energy (ATP) to cells.

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Glucose can be converted to some form of amino
acid & fats for long term energy storage.
Glucose is a constant fuel source for vital organ
functions for example brain.
Thank you