Chapter 23 - Cladograms
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Transcript Chapter 23 - Cladograms
Chapter 23
Systematics: study of
biological
diversity in evolutionary context
Phylogeny: evolutionary history of
species or group of related species
Best place sedimentary rock
(forms in strata)
Geologic Time
Scale
Sequence of historical periods
Four eras (distinct time in Earth’s
life broken by periods of mass
extinction)
Precambrian
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
Eras Periods Epoch
Gives us relative ages of fossils
Absolute dating: age in years
Radiometric dating: Half-life (time it
takes for 50% of radioactive isotopic
amount of original sample to decay)
Racemization (chemical conversion):
rate of decay of L-amino acids to Damino acids (issue – temp sensitive)
Pangaea – all land masses become
supercontinent (245 mya)
Major
biological
impact
Pangaea split 180 mya
Fossil record helps
support this
Permian – 250 mya
90% marine animals lost
Radical environmental changes
(Pangaea, massive volcanic
eruptions)
Extinctions
Cretaceous – 65 mya
50% marine species, dinosaurs
Comet or asteroid?
– 18th century
Binomial nomenclature
2-name system (genus & species)
Poecilia reticulata (guppy)
Homo sapiens (“wise man”)
Carolus Linnaeus
Hierarchial classification
Levels of grouping organisms
Name at any level – taxon
Domain Kingdom Phylum
Class Order Family
Genus Species
Phylogenetic
tree: used to
show
relationships
of related
organisms
Cladogram: phylogenic diagram where
evolutionary relationships are shown
Each “branch” – clade
Divergence of species
from a common
ancestor
Represents ancestral species & all
of its
descendents (monophyletic)
Cannot be polyphyletic or
paraphyletic
Determine analogy from homology
Homology: likeness due to shared
ancestry
Analogy: likeness due to similar
evolutionary factors (convergent
evolution)
Greater number of homologous
parts more closely related
More complex two similar structure
are more closely related
Niche
Burrower
Placental Mammals
Australian Marsupials
Mole
Marsupial mole
Anteater
Numbat
Anteater
Nocturnal
insectivore
Mouse
Climber
Marsupial mouse
Spotted cuscus
Lemur
Glider
Stalking
predator
Chasing
predator
Sugar glider
Flying
squirrel
Ocelot
Tasmanian cat
Wolf
Tasmanian “wolf”
Ocotillo – in the
Southwestern part of
North America
Alluauida – Madagascar
Alluauida – Madagascar
Identify shared derived characters
Evolutionary novelty unique to a
particular clade (such as hair for
mammals)
Different from shared primitive
characters, which were present before
the new clade
Cladogram
Construction
Perform outgroup comparison
Differentiate shared primitive characters
from shared derived ones
Compare related species (ingroup) to a
non-related species (outgroup) and
determine which characters are present &
which are absent
DNA, genes, proteins
Called molecular systematics
More specific than previous
methods
Make cladogram where branch
points are mutations in DNA
May have trouble comparing if
mutations changed DNA length
Human
Macaque
Dog Bird
Frog
Lamprey
Comparative hemoglobin structure
8
0
32
45
67
125
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Number of amino acid differences between compare common genes
hemoglobin (146 aa) of vertebrate species and that
of humans C (respiration)
cytochrome
hemoglobin (gas exchange)
When making a cladogram, make
one that is simple & has least # of
evolutionary events
Keep it simple parsimony
These trees are hypotheses
Way to put origin of
taxonomic
groups into actual time
Based on obs. that some
genomes evolve at constant rates