6.3 Life Substances
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Transcript 6.3 Life Substances
6.3 Life Substances
Molecules of Life
Role of Carbon in Organisms
Carbon has four electrons in outer energy level
Four covalent bonds fill energy level
Role of Carbon in Organisms
Carbon can bond with other carbon atoms
Double bond = each atom shares two electrons
Triple bond = each atom shares three electrons
Role of Carbon in Organisms
When carbon atoms bond together they can
form chains, branched chains or rings
This makes a huge number of carbon
structures possible
Role of Carbon in Organisms
Compounds with the
same simple structure
can have different
forms called isomers
Role of Carbon in Organisms
Carbon compounds can have thousands of
carbons
Polymer = a large molecule formed when
many smaller molecules bond together
Condensation = large molecule is formed by
removing H-O-H
Hydrolysis = large molecule is broken apart
by adding H-O-H
Role of Carbon in Organisms
Carbohydrates
Used by cells to store and release energy
Organic compound
with carbon, hydrogen2, and oxygen
Simple carbohydrate = monosaccharide
Two sugar carbohydrate = disaccharide
Many sugars = polysaccharide
Carbohydrates
Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Used by cells to store energy, insulate and in
protective coatings
Organic compound with many more carbon
and hydrogen than carbohydrates
For example, beef fat C57H110O6
Not soluble in water because
lipids are non-polar
Lipids
2 main types
Each made of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol
Saturated—bad for you (butter)
Unsaturated—good for you (peanut butter)
Lipids
Proteins
Provide structure and carry out cell metabolism
Large polymer built of amino acids
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
There are 20 common
amino acids that can
build thousands of proteins
Proteins
Amino acids link
together in
peptide bonds
Number and order
of amino acids
determines the
kind of protein
Proteins
Contract muscle tissue
Transport oxygen in bloodstream
Provide immunity
Carry out chemical reactions
Enzyme = protein that changes the rate of a
chemical reaction
Nucleic Acids
Stores cellular information in code
Made up of nucleotides
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
phosphorus
Arranged in a base, a sugar, and a
phosphate group
Nucleic Acids
DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid
Contains instructions on how to make
enzymes and proteins
Genetic code for how an organism looks
Passed from one generation to the next
Nucleic Acids - DNA
Nucleic Acids
RNA = ribonucleic acid
Makes copies of DNA
for use in making
proteins