Transcript Biology Organic Molecules Notes

Biochemistry/
Organic Molecules
Biology
Mr. Nelson
Standard
 SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and
nucleic acids.
I. Carbon Compounds
A.) Organic Compounds
 Contain “Carbon” or “C” atoms
 Carbon bonds readily to other atoms
B.) Usually refers to living things or items
made from living things
 All living things are made up of ….
 Water
 Organic compounds
I. Carbon Compounds
II. Functional Group
A.) Hydroxyl
- contains OH
- makes molecule
polar
B.) Carboxyl
- contains O and OH
II. Functional Groups
C.) Amino
- contains NH2
D.) Phosphate
- contains P, 2O, & 2OH
III. Building-Blocks of
Carbon
A.) Monomer = single carbon molecule
B.) Polymer = molecule consisting of repeated linked monomers
C.) Macromolecules = large polymers
 Examples:




Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
IV. Energy Currency
A.) ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
 Consists of
1.) Adenine
2.) Ribose (sugar)
3.) 3 Phosphate groups
 Energy is held in the bond between the 2nd
and 3rd phosphate groups!!
 Energy is released when this bond is
broken.
Assignment
Workbook
 P. 15
 Voc. 1, 4, 5
 Mult. Choice #1 - 5
 P. 16
 Short Ans. #2, 5
 Struct. And Funct. #1, 3
Standards
 SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and
nucleic acids.
 SPI3210.1.5 – I can identify how
enzymes control chemical reactions in
the body.
V. Molecules of Life
A.) Carbohydrates
- sugars that your body breaks down and turns
into energy (ATP)
1.) Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose)
 Made of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
 C:H:O
 1:2:1
 Example
2.) Disaccharide (sucrose)
- composed of 2 monosaccharides
- Example:
V. Molecules of Life
3.) Polysaccharide
- composed of 3 or more monosaccharides
- Example: glycogen, starch, cellulose
V. Molecules of Life
B.) Proteins
1.) Made of mostly C, H, O, and N
2.) Are long chains of amino acids
 Joined together by peptide bonds
 Dipeptide: two amino acids
 Polypeptide: very long chain of amino acids
 Proteins all have a different shape but are all
globular
V. Molecules of Life
3.) Enzymes
 Proteins that act as biological catalyst
 Speeds up reactions
 Substrate = reactant being catalyzed
 Active site = area on enzyme where the
substrate binds
 Action of Enzyme:




Binds to substrate at active site
Enzyme changes slightly
Substrate reconfigures into product
Enzyme goes back to original shape
V. Molecules of Life
 Factors that affect enzymes:
 Temperature
 pH
Standards
 SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and
nucleic acids.
V. Molecules of Life
C.) Lipids
1.) Made of C, H, and O
 Many more C’s and H’s than O’s
 Are NONPOLAR
2.) Usually found in Long Chains called “fatty acids”
1.)Triglicerides: 3 fatty acids + alcohol glycerol
 Saturated: each carbon atom has 4 bonds
 Solid at room temp. (butter and animal fat)
 Unsaturated: double bonds formed between carbons
 Liquid at room temp. (vegetable oil)
V. Molecules of Life
2.)Phospholipids
 2 fatty acids + glycerol
 Make up the cell membrane
 Phospholipid bilayer
 Keeps water in or out of cell
V. Molecules of Life
3.) Waxes
 Consist of long fatty acid + long alcohol chain
 Waterproof
 Ex: protective coating of plants, earwax
4.) Steroids
 Made of 4 carbon rings + functional group
 Ex: hormones
 Testosterone, cholesterol
Standards
 SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and
nucleic acids.
V. Molecules of Life
D.) Nucleic Acids
 Made of chains of Nucleotides (3 parts)
1.) phosphate group
2.) five-carbon sugar
3.) nitrogenous base
 Store and transmit genetic information
 Ex.
 DNA
 Determines characteristics and directs cell activities
 RNA
 Instructions for making proteins
Assignment
 Workbook
 Pg. 5-6
 Pg. 9-10
Standards
 SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and
nucleic acids.
 SPI3210.1.4 – I can identify positive tests
for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
VI. Testing for Molecules
 Test foods or drinks for Carbs, Lipids, or
Proteins
A.) Benedict’s Solution
- changes from blue-green to yellow
or orange in presence of carbs
B.) Lugol’s Iodine Solution
- changes to blue-black in presence of
starches
VI. Testing for Molecules
C.) Biuret Solution
- changes to violet in presence of
proteins
D.) Sudan IV Solution
- stains red in presence of lipids
Standards
 SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic
acids.
 SPI3210.1.4 – I can identify positive tests for
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
 SPI3210.1.5 – I can identify how enzymes
control chemical reactions in the body.
Chapter Review
 Pg. 62 (5-23)