Transcript The Renaissance - Net Start Class

Focus Question
What do you think of when you
hear the word “Renaissance”?
When I hear the word
Renaissance, I think of…
Focus Question
• How would you describe humanism?
• I would describe humanism as….
Focus Question
• How did art change during the
Renaissance?
The Renaissance
Causes of the Renaissance
• Lessening of feudalism
– Crusades
• Mercenary armies
– The Church’s power began to decline
• Monarchs started to gain more power
– Black Plague
• Those who survive began to question the norms
and values of Medieval Society
– Hundred Years’ War
• Stimulated nationalism; turned France into a
centralized state
Causes of the Renaissance
• Fall of Constantinople
– Greek scholars fled to Italy
– Brought with them the “lost” and “forgotten”
classical knowledge
• Education
• Nostalgia among the Italians to recapture
the glory of the Roman empire
Causes of the Renaissance
• People began returning to the cities
• Trade began to increase
– Especially as a result of the Crusades
• European society began to change, new
ideas began to appear
– The Renaissance (1400’s to 1600’s)
• Renaissance = rebirth
– Classical Greco-Roman ideal shaped a new
outlook on life
• Began in Italy
– Italian city-states grew wealthy from trade of
the Crusades
– Wealthy families or individuals influenced
growth of learning, arts and architecture
• Began in trade-oriented city-states of
Northern Italy: Florence, Rome, and
Venice
• They were struck hardest by the plague,
and were ready to move beyond the
tragedies of the past
• Humanism – revival of and focus on
classical learning (Greek and Roman)
– Emphasized human potential and
achievement
– Worldly interests more important than those of
the afterlife
Florence
• Ruled by the Medici
family beginning in
1400’s
• The birthplace of the
Italian Renaissance
• First Income Tax =
Heavier burden of taxes
on wealthy
• Taxes used to make city
improvements: sewers,
paved streets, etc…
Rome
• During the 1500s Rome was the leading Renaissance city
• Pope & Cardinals lived in the Vatican, wealthiest class
• The Popes used their $$$ to rebuild Ancient Rome
* Architecture, churches & Artists flourished in Rome
• St. Peter’s Basilica = Largest church in Christian world
was built during this period
Venice
• Port city on the Adriatic Sea
• Traders and Merchants from all over the world did
business in Venice
• $$$ from World Trade
• Spent $$$ to modernize city
POLITICAL IMPACT
• Machiavelli– wrote The Prince (guidebook on
how to secure & maintain political power)
• Keep state strong to survive “the end justifies the
means”
• ECONOMIC IMPACT
• Renaissance ideas spread all over Europe
• Greater variety of products (clothes, foods,
wines, & furnishings)
• Increase in trade & growth of cities
• Wealthy merchant families dominated
politics and business
– Replaced the Church as the most important
patrons of the arts
The
Medicis
of
Florence
Italian Renaissance Art
• Characterized by:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Linear perspective
Geometrical arrangement of figures
Shadowing and softening edges
Individualism
Classicism
Expression
Nature
Still religious…but not ALL religious like the Middle
Ages
ARTISTIC IMPACT
• · Painting & Sculpture
• Giotto-lifelike space (showed emotions)
• Masaccio-developed perspective (guidelines to
calculate how things recede in distance
• Leonardo Da Vinci-Mona Lisa & The Last Supper he
study the anatomy to make art more lifelike
• Michelangelo-Sistine Chapel
• Architecture– used columns & circular arches
• Built Florence Cathedral & Brunelleschi finished it with
an immense dome
vertical
The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498
horizontal
Perspective!
Perspective!
Betrothal
of the
Virgin
Raphael
1504
The Last Supper - Geometry
Mona Lisa – da Vinci, 1503-4
Raphael’s Canagiani Madonna, 1507
Shadowing/Softening Edges
Sfumato
Chiaroscuro
The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11
Da Vinci
Raphael
Michelangelo
The School of Athens – Raphael, details
Plato:
looks to the
heavens (or
the ideal
realm).
Aristotle:
looks to this
earth (the
here and
now).
Averroes
Hypatia
Pythagoras
Zoroaster
Ptolemy
Euclid
• David
• Michelangelo
Buonarotti
• 1504
• Marble
The Sistine
Chapel
Michelangelo
Buonarroti
1508 - 1512
The Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling
Michelangelo Buonarroti
1508 - 1512
The Sistine Chapel Details
The
Creation
of the
Heavens
The Sistine Chapel Details
Creation of Man
The Sistine Chapel Details
The Last Judgment
INTELLECTUAL/RELIGIOUS IMPACT
• Scholarship & Literature
• Humanist study Roman & Greek literature
• Petrarch-”Father of Humanism” study
ancient texts/Erasmus criticized the texts
including the Church
• Writers wrote in vernacular (local)
language for ex. Shakespeare from
England & Cervantes from Spain
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
IMPACT
• The Church taught the Earth was the center of
the universe Copernicus (Polish scientist) said
the Earth orbited the sun
• Galilei-(Italian scientist) through the use of one
of the first telescopes backed up Copernicus’
theory
• Both were banned from the Church
• Gutenberg-developed a printing press with
movable type which allowed mass production of
books/this spread the new ideas & let more
people read
Northern Renaissance
• Brought by merchants and traders who
traveled from Italy
– 1495 – war in Italy caused many artists to flee
to safety in Northern Europe
• Unique from Italy
– Impact of Black Plague not as great as in Italy
– In addition to classical studies, Northern
learning was more focused on the teachings
of the Christian church fathers:
• The apostles, St. Paul, St. Augustine, and others
• Movable type printing (1488)
– Most significant of all of
Renaissance ideas spread out
of Italy
• Johann Gutenburg – invented
the printing press in Germany
– Supply of books grew rapidly
– Books became cheaper
– People encouraged to become
literate
– Ideas spread farther and faster
than ever before
– First book printed – the Bible
Renaissance Art in Northern
Europe
• Italian influence was strong.
• The differences between the two cultures:
– Italy  change was inspired by humanism with its
emphasis on the revival of the values of classical
antiquity.
– N. Europe  change was driven by religious
reform, the return to Christian values, and the
revolt against the authority of the Church.
• More princes & kings were patrons of artists.
• Characterized by
– The continuation of late medieval attention to
details.
– Tendency toward realism & naturalism (less
emphasis on the “classical ideal”).
– Interest in landscapes.
– More emphasis on middle-class and peasant
life.
– Details of domestic interiors.
– Great skill in portraiture.
Van Eyck
 The Crucifixion
&
The Last Judgment

1420-1425
Giovanni
Arnolfini and
His Wife
Jan Van
Eyck
1434
Jan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini
& His Wife
(details)
Massys’s The Moneylender & His Wife,
1514
Dürer – Self-Portrait in FurCollared Robe, 1500
Sir Thomas More
• English Humorist
• Wrote “Utopia”
• Criticized society of his
day by showing what a
perfect, ideal society
should look like
• All citizens should be
equal & prosperous
• Available at most public
libraries & bookstores
William Shakespeare = English Playwright
• Drew ideas from Medieval Legends, Classical
Mythology & Ancient History
• Dealt with human qualities:
* Jealousy
* Ambition
* Love
* Despair
• Realistic look at Human Nature
• Audiences today still relate to his plays
• More than 420 feature length movies have been made
from his plays making him the most filmed author
ever
Hans Holbein - Artist to the Tudors
Henry VIII (left), 1540 and the
future Edward VI (above),
1543.
Holbein - The Ambassadors, 1533
A Skull
Multiple Perspectives
Philosophers and Writers
• Northern humanists expressed their own ideas
• Combined interests of theology, fiction and history
• Created philosophical works, novels, dramas, and
poems
•
•
•
•
Desiderius Erasmus
Combined Christian
ideas, humanism
Wrote of pure, simple
Christian life, educating
children
Fanned flames of
discontent
Roman Catholic
Church censored,
condemned works
Sir Thomas More
• More’s best-known
work, Utopia,
contains criticisms of
English government,
society
• Presents vision of
perfect, non-existent
society based on
reason
Christine de Pisan
• Italian-born writer
focused on role of
women in society
• Grew up in French
court of Charles V;
turned to writing
when widowed
• Championed
equality, education
for women
Other Things That Happened
During the Renaissance…
• Columbus discovers the New World in 1492
• Niccolo Machiavelli wrote The Prince – political
writing, “the end justifies the means”
• Spanish Inquisition – to maintain Catholicism in
Spain and its lands
• Shakespeare becomes a famous playwright
• Don Quixote is written by Miguel de Cervantes
• The Protestant Reformation (Luther, Henry VIII)
• Absolutism begins…more on that tomorrow…
Processing
• Write a play about the Renaissance (with
at least three characters and 5 facts about
it)
• Write a song about the Renaissance (with
at least 5 facts about it)
• Draw a mosaic of at least 5 things dealing
with the Renaissance