Transcript PowerPoint to accompany Hole`s Human Anatomy

Energy for Metabolic Reactions
• Energy is the ability to do work. It cannot be
created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one
form to another.
•_____________________________________________
is the process that uses the energy from glucose to
make ATP, the form of energy that a cell can use. As
bonds are broken in glucose, the energy released is
used to form bonds in the ATP molecule.
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ATP Molecules
• ATP (___________________________________________)
has three parts:
• An adenosine molecule
• A ribose molecule
• Three phosphate molecules in a chain –
•The ___________ phosphates of ATP have high energy
bonds. When each of these bonds is broken, energy is
released .
2
Cellular Respiration
•Chemical equation:
_______________________________________________________
• Includes:
Anaerobic reactions (do not require O2) - produce little ATP
Aerobic reactions (require O2) - produce most of the ATP
• Occurs in a series of reactions:
1. Glycolysis
2. Citric acid cycle (Kreb’s Cycle)
3. Electron transport chain
3
1. Glycolysis
1. Glycolysis Anaerobic phase of cellular
respiration that occurs in the
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Glucose
High energy
electrons (e–) and
hydrogen ions (H+)
2 ATP
Pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid
Cytosol
__________________________.
•Breaks down glucose into 2
pyruvic acid molecules.
Mitochondrion
High energy
electrons (e–) and
hydrogen ions (h+)
CO2
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetic
acid
•Yields _______ ATP molecules
Citric acid
High energy
electrons (e–) and
hydrogen ions (H+)
2 CO2
2 ATP
per _______________________
molecule
Electron transport chain
32-34 ATP
O2
–
+
2e + 2H
H2O
4
2. Citric Acid Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain
• If oxygen is available – pyruvic
acid formed in glycolysis enters the
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Glucose
High energy
electrons (e–) and
hydrogen ions (H+)
______________________________:
2 ATP
Pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid
Cytosol
2. Citric Acid Cycle –
Two turns of the cycle produce
____________________________.
Mitochondrion
High energy
electrons (e–) and
hydrogen ions (h+)
CO2
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetic
acid
3. Electron Transport Chain – uses
the high energy ___________________
produced in glycolysis and citric acid
cycle to make _________ATP.
Oxygen is required as the final
________________________________.
Citric acid
High energy
electrons (e–) and
hydrogen ions (H+)
2 CO2
2 ATP
Electron transport chain
32-34 ATP
O2
–
+
2e + 2H
H2O
5
Summary of Carbohydrate Metabolism
•Carbohydrate molecules from food can enter:
* Catabolic pathways for energy production
* Anabolic pathways for storage as ___________________
(in the liver and muscle), conversion to fat and stored, or
conversion to amino acids.
Carbohydrates
from foods
Hydrolysis
Monosaccharides
Catabolic
pathways
Anabolic
pathways
Energy + CO2 + H2O Glycogen or Fat
Amino acids
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