Chapter 17 European Renaissance and Reformation
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Transcript Chapter 17 European Renaissance and Reformation
Chapter 17
European Renaissance and Reformation
What can you learn from art?
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Middle Ages had war and suffering from the plague
Church taught Christians to endure suffering while awaiting
reward in heaven
People began to question
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Italy’s Advantages
Renaissance – explosion of creativity in art, writing and thought that
lasted from 1300 to 1600
Wanted a return to classical Greek and Roman era
New styles of art, literature and values
Spread from Italy throughout Europe
3 reasons for Renaissance in Italy
1. Thriving cities – trade from crusades and higher wages from fewer
workers
2. Wealthy merchant class – merchants dominated politics through merit,
not birth, individual achievement became important
Medici family (banking)
3. Greek and Roman heritage
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Humanism – focused on human potential and achievements
and didn’t link thoughts to church teachings
History, literature and philosophy studied
Can enjoy life without offending God (goods, food, clothing and
music)
Secular – worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with the
here and now
Some church leaders live in mansions and wore lavish clothes
Patrons – financially support artists
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Renaissance man – excelled in many fields and studied many
subjects (charming, witty, dance, sing, play music, well read,
and write poetry)
Renaissance woman – well educated but not to seek fame,
inspire, but not create art, not involved in politics
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Art
Perspective – three dimensions on a flat surface
Realistic paintings and sculptures
Leonardo Da Vinci – painter, sculptor, inventor and scientist
Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Writers
Vernacular – native language instead of Latin
Wrote about self-expression or individuality
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Writers
Vernacular – native language instead of Latin
Wrote about self-expression or individuality
The Northern Renaissance
By 1450 population was growing again in Europe
Merchant class grew and ideas spread to Northern Italy and
elsewhere
War in Italy forced writers and artists to move north into
Europe
Artists focused on realism in the north
Flanders has many artists who paint with oil and make
clothing and jewelry
The Northern Renaissance
Writers were humanists and critical of the church not
inspiring people.
They promoted education for all even though girls were
shortchanged
Erasmus wrote of Christianity of the heart not of ceremonies
and rules.
Thomas More, Utopia, an ideal place with no war, corruption
or greed
The Northern Renaissance
Elizabethan Age
Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
Spoke 5 languages
Wrote poetry and music while promoting the arts
William Shakespeare
Greatest playwright of all time
Great use of language and emotion
Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear and A Midsummer Night’s
Dream
The Northern Renaissance
Printing press by Johann Gutenberg spreads ideas (1444) and
Bible (1455)
More info. available cheap
Increased desire for learning and literacy
Published accounts of new discoveries and maps
Published legal proceedings and laws
Renaissance idea of dignity of the individual gave rise to
democratic ideals as people began to question society
Luther Leads the Reformation
By 10th century Catholic church dominates life in N and W
Europe
People began criticizing church practices
Church authority was challenged
Printing press helped spread ideas negative to the church
Chart on page 488
Criticisms included: corruption, lavish spending, infidelity,
poorly educated priests, marrying, drinking and gambling
Luther Leads the Reformation
Martin Luther was a monk and a teacher who wanted to be a
good Christian
95 Theses – formal statements attacking church practices
Johann Tetzel raised money through indulgences (pay for a
pardon of sins) which gave the impression that you could buy
your way into heaven.
Posted on church door in Wittenberg, Luther’s ideas were
spread by the printing press
Reformation – a movement for religious reform in
opposition to the Catholic church’s teachings
Luther Leads the Reformation
Luther’s Teachings
Win salvation by faith in God’s forgiveness
Teaching based on the Bible not the pope or church traditions
All people with faith were equal
Response to Luther
Luther was excommunicated and burned the pope’s decree
Luther declared an outlaw and heretic by the king
Established a separate group called the Lutherans
Peasants revolt based on Luther’s works and are crushed (100,000
dead)
Protestant comes from protesting princes
CHART PAGE 491
Peace of Augsburg allows princes to decide religion of territory after
a war
Luther Leads the Reformation
England becomes Protestant
Henry VIII wants a male heir and wanted to divorce 42 year old
Catherine for a younger bride
Church law did not allow divorce and annulment wasn’t an
option
Henry has parliament change the law, divorces then marries Ann
Boleyn and has himself made head of the English church
Ann beheaded after giving birth to Elizabeth. Next wife Jane
has son Edward and dies. Henry married 3 more times.
Edward King at 9 reigned 6 years, then Catherine who returned
to Catholic church and executed Protestants
Luther Leads the Reformation
Queen Elizabeth I
1558 Catherine dies and Elizabeth becomes queen
She restores Protestantism and establishes the Anglican church
Priests can marry and sermons were in English
Catholics try to overthrow her and she faces other threats
A shortage of money also challenged her rule
The Reformation Continues
John Calvin (Calvinism)
French follower of Luther
More personal faith and congregants have control over church
Institutes of Christian Religion
Men and women sinful by nature and God chooses who can be
saved (predestination)
Theocracy – government controlled by religious leaders
The Reformation Continues
Other Protestant Reformers
Protestants – Bible is the source of all religious truth
Anabaptists – baptized a 2nd time when old enough to decide to
be Christians
Separation of church and state
Women had influence, but church duties were limited as they
were to serve in the home
The Reformation Continues
The Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)
Millions still remained Catholic and a movement occurred to
keep Catholics loyal
Ignatius of Loyola and Popes Paul III and Paul IV were
reformers
Jesuits – founded schools, converted non-Christians to
Catholicism and stop the spread of Protestantism
Council of Trent
Church interpretation of the Bible was final
Needed faith and good works for salvation. (Luther = faith alone)
Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful
Indulgences had to be appropriate but were still valid
The Reformation Continues
Book burnings occur of certain books selected by the
Catholic church
Reformation set the stage for the modern world
Protestant churches and denominations flourished
Catholic church became more unified
Education became more important with schools, colleges and
universities being founded
Status of women in church and society did not change
Monarchs gain power and nation states arise
Set the framework for the Enlightenment in late 1700s
(Chapter 22)