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Vitamins •essential organic compounds •must be supplied by diet •required in small amounts •involved in fundamental functions •growth •health maintenance •metabolism •vision •blood clotting •vitamin deficiencies cause disease •provide no direct energy Fat Soluble Retinoids: Retinol (Vision, Immunity, WBC’s) Retinal Retinoic Acid (Gene Expression) Carotenoids: Can be converted into retinol Vitamin A Intake Dry Eye (Cornea Hardening) Can lead to blindness Keratin (protein) builds up clouds cornea (bumps on the skin) Bone/Teeth Growth Cell Differentiation Fat Soluble Increases Ca++/Phosphorous in blood **Body can synthesize all the Vitamin D it needs from sunlight At Risk: African American Hispanic/Latino Osteomalacia: softening of the bones Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets Fat Soluble (Antioxidant) Rare but can occur in infants Also protects LDL’s from being oxidized Increase Vitamin E leads to decrease MI Free Radicals and Antioxidants *Free Radical: Atoms or molecules with 1 or more upaired electrons – make it unstable and reactive Increase risk for: Cardiovascular disease, cancer, Cataracts, Dementia, Diabetes, and on and on. Fat Soluble (Kongulation – Danish: Clotting) Widespread in Foods Osteoblast synthesis Greener the Better! Water Soluble (Ascorbic Acid) (Antioxidant) Synthesis of NE Formation of bile acids Maintain connective tissue *Unlike most mammals, we can’t make our own Vitamin C Gout: build up of uric acid crystals are deposited on joint cartilage Snapshot 7-5, p, 232 Pharmacological effects -Can have negative effect -Alters insulin response -Disrupts anti-clotting -Digestive problems Vitamin C Vitamin C and the Cold: -No data support containment -Increased doses do: - decrease symptoms - decrease duration - decrease Histamine production -Sneezing -Stuffiness - increases immunity Linus Pauling: Mega doses can cure cancer B Complex Vitamins • Enhance metabolism of energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (Coenzymes) • Promote new cell proliferation • Promote protein synthesis and use of amino acids Brain and other tissues metabolize carbohydrates. Muscles and other tissues metabolize protein. Bone tissues make new blood cells. Coenzymes Small molecule that binds with an enzyme and activates it Liver and other tissues metabolize fat. Digestive tract lining replaces its cells. (Vitamin B1) Beri beri: - ailment of the nervous system - weightloss - emotional disturbances - impaired sensory perception - weakness/ pain in limbs - irregular heart rate - edema - problem in Asia when transition from brown to white rice (Vitamin B2) *lack of milk consumption can cause a deficiency (Vitamin B3) Can be made from amino acid tryptophan Pellagra (1700’s): - corn as staple food lead to: - decreased niacin, tryptophan, and protein 100+ Reactions: - hemoglobin - serotonin - niacin - amino acid processing - amino acid synthesis - fatty acid synthesis - glycogenolysis - brain development - steroid activity - cell proliferation - red blood cells - RNA/DNA - myelin protector Closely related to folate Need each other for activation True Vegans may need to supplement with this vitamin (from foliage) From fresh leafy green vegetables Cooking destroys folate storage Drug Interactions: - antacids - aspirin - anticonvulsants - oral contraceptives -cell proliferation - digestive cells - red blood cells - RNA/DNA - amino acid metabolism Smoking interferes with folate absorption Deficiency during pregnancy is correlated with Neural Tube defects Neural Tube Defects Anencephaly: Failed closure of the Anterior Neuropore Spina Bifida: Failed closure of the Posterior Neuropore