Transcript Explain how the study of living materials requires understanding of

1. Explain how the study of living materials
requires understanding of chemistry.
The human body goes through many chemical reactions in daily
functioning.
Understanding chemical changes help understand the normal
and abnormal functions of the body.
Example cellular respiration
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVRBDRAsP6U&feature=rel
atedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVRBDR
AsP6U
2. Describe the relationships among
matter, atoms and molecules.
• Matter –anything that occupies space, solid liquid, or gas.
• Elements-all matter is composed of elements, simplest
form of matter, chemical reactions cannot change, an
element is made up of millions of identical atoms
• Atoms-smallest unit of an element, composed of
protons, neutrons, and electrons
• Molecule-based on electron structure a molecule is
formed when 2 or more atoms unite with identical atoms
such as O2 or different atoms such as H2O (called
compounds)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfXxZwNLvPA
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3 types of chemical bonds
• Ionic bonds-transfer of electrons (losing or
gaining)
• Covalent bonds sharing electrons
• Hydrogen bonds- uneven sharing like covalent
but weaker bonds making them polar + on
onside and – on the other, giving water unique
properties
3. Identify three major types of chemical
reactions that occur in the body.
• 1 Synthesis reaction
• 2 Decomposition reaction
• 3 Exchange reaction
• Chemical reaction: A process in which one
substance is transformed into another.
Thousands of different types of chemical
reactions occur in the body and are essential
to its structure and function.
Synthesis reaction
• Two or more atoms or molecules interact to
form new chemical bonds.
• A new compound is formed
• Example is protein synthesis
• Anabolism
• Dehydration reaction as water is moved in this
process
• Protein Synthesis
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Process whereby DNA encodes for the production of
amino acids and proteins.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zAGAmTkZNY
• Polypeptides are chains of amino acids.
Proteins are made up of one or more
polypeptide molecules. The amino acids are
linked covalently by peptide bonds.
• Amino acids bond together to make long
chains. Those long chains of amino acids are
also called proteins. Essential Amino Acids:
Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine,
Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine,
Tryptophan, and Valine.
• An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an
amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo (from scratch)
by the organism being considered, and therefore must be
supplied in its diet. The nine amino acids humans cannot
synthesize are phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan,
methionine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and histidine (i.e., F V
T W M L I K H).[1][2]
• Six amino acids are considered conditionally essential in the
human diet, meaning their synthesis can be limited under
special pathophysiological conditions, such as prematurity in
the infant or individuals in severe catabolic distress.[2] These
six are arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, proline and
tyrosine (i.e. R C G Q P Y). Five amino acids are dispensable in
humans, meaning they can be synthesized in the body. These
five are alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid and
serine (i.e., A D N E S).[2]
Decomposition raction
• When bonds break and crate simpler
molecules
• Energy is usually released in this type of
reaction
• Example cellular respiration
• Catabolism
• Hydrolysis water is added in these reactions
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A chemical reaction is process whereby the atoms of molecules or compounds
interact to form new chemical combinations.
– For example glucose interacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water, and energy
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Metabolic reactions that involve the breaking of a complex molecule into simpler
ones we refer to as catabolic. The process of cellular respiration in
which glucose is broken down to produce CO2 and H2O with a release of useable
energy (in the form of ATP Adenosine Tri-Phosphate) is an example of a catabolic
metabolic pathway.
Photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from the sun  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular metabolism:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + useable energy in the form of ATP
http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/neil.buckley/Concepts%20in%20Biology/2003Lectur
e3.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ
Exchange reaction
• Two compounds break down to synthesis to
new compounds
• Most are reversible
• Example the process of keeping pH balance in
the blood stream
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCLsmkG
vq_k
4. Differentiate between a salt, an
acid, and a base
• They are all electrolytes
• They break apart to dissociate when in
solutions to form changed particles
• Your body must have them to function
properly ( life or death situation when they
are out of balance!)
Differentiate between a salt, an acid,
and a base.
• Salt- ions with opposite charges, important for
transmission of messages through nerves and
muscle contraction examples K+, Ca++, Na+
• Acid-donate hydrogen ions to other
substances, has a low pH number
– Below 7 acidic
• Base- accept hydrogen ions, has a high pH
number
– Above 7 alkaline
5. Describe factors that affect chemical
reaction rates.
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Temperature
Concentration
Physical state
Catalysts
– chemical substances that speed up the rate of
reaction.
– When proteins perform as catalysts they are called
enzymes
– Most chemical reactions need a catalyst or
enzyme
6. Compare the processes of osmosis, diffusion and
filtration and give examples of their uses in the body.
• Osmosis-movement of water through semipermeable membrane
• Diffusion-molecules move from an area of
higher concentration to area of lower
concentration
• Filtration-movement of materials through cell
membrane under mechanical force