Transcript Organic Compounds

Biochemistry
Chapter 3
Miss Colabelli
Carbon
 Organic

compounds
Mostly carbon atoms
 Inorganic

compounds
Do not contain carbon
 Carbon



4 valence electrons
Make 4 bonds with itself or other atoms
Can make single, double, or triple bonds
Functional Groups
 Cluster
of atoms that influence the
characteristics of molecules
Carbon Molecules
 Monomer


Simplest molecule
Mono = one
 Polymer


Molecule that consists of 2 or more units
Poly = many
Chemical Reactions
 Condensation


Reaction
When a monomer is added to a polymer
ONE water molecule is released
One monomer loses an H+ and the other
loses an OH Together
they make H2O
Chemical Reactions
 Hydrolysis



Hydro = water
Lysis = to break
To break down a polymer, a molecule of
water is added
Energy
 ATP



Adenosine triphosphate
The name of the energy used in our bodies
Sugar and nitrogen based molecule with 3
phosphate groups attached
 The
third phosphate group is very unstable
and when bond is broken from the ATP
molecule it releases a great amount of
energy
Carbohydrates
 Compound
composed
of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen
 Monomer = monosaccharide
 2 monomers = disaccharide
 Polymer = polysaccharide
 Found in sugars and breads of common
foods
Monosaccharide
 Glucose
 Fructose
 Galactose
 These
monosaccahrides bond together to
make different types of sugars
Disaccharide
 Two
monosaccharides bonded together
 Ex: glucose + fructose = sucrose
 http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/lacto
se-digestion-infants
Polysaccharide
3
or more monosaccharides bonded together
 More complex molecule
 Polysaccharide in humans = glycogen
 Plants have two polysaccharides


Storage = starch
Structure = cellulose (found in cell walls)
Protein
Protein
 Macromolecules
with carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen
 Monomer: amino acid
 Polymer: polypeptide
Proteins
 Monomer
= amino acid
 2 monomers = dipeptide
 3+ monomers = polypeptide
 Bond
to make peptides = peptide bond
Amino Acids
 Each



amino acid has three main groups
Amino group
Carboxyl group
R group (changes)
 Change
the formation and properties of the
amino acid
Amino Acid
Glycine
R group
 The
R group makes each amino acid
different
 There are 20 possible amino acids based
off this one group
 The R group is = variable
Bonding of Amino Acids
 Peptide
bond = covalent bond
 Dehydration synthesis process

For every peptide bond, one molecule of
water is formed
Peptide Bonds
 Strong
covalent
bonds
 Lose 1 molecule of
water for every bond
made
 Also known as
dehydration synthesis
or condensation
synthesis
Video
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=va0D
NJId_CM
Video
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cE4rv
bU968M&feature=related
Video
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysPt1l
Illcs&feature=related
Video
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lijQ3a
8yUYQ
Fold it!
 Help
scientists figure out protein folding
 This game is open to the public
 The first hundred puzzles are known
proteins
 But many proteins are not decoded and
scientists are asking for our help to figure
them out
 http://fold.it/
Enzymes
 Proteins
are in our bodies everywhere!
 Enzyme is a type of protein that is a
catalyst

Catalyst starts a reaction
 Produce
proteins
Enzymes
 Each
enzyme has an area known as the
active site
 Where a specific molecule binds and a
reaction occurs

The molecule binding is called a substrate
Enzyme conditions
 Enzymes



work at a specific conditions
Temperature
pH
Salinity
 Causes
enzyme to change shape and
lose its function
 http://www.sumanasinc.com/webconten
t/animations/content/proteinstructure.ht
ml
Lipids
 Large
non-polar organic molecule
 Does not dissolve in water
 High ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms
 Four types of lipids




Triglycerides (fat)
Phospholipids
Waxes
Steroids
Triglycerides
Triglycerides
 Saturated

Have no double bonds in their fatty acid
chains
 Straight


Fat
chain
Usually animal fats
Solid at room temperature
Triglycerides
 Unsaturated

Have at least one double bond in their fatty
acid chain
 Forms


Fat
a kink in the chain
Usually oils and from plants
Liquid at room temperature
Phospholipid
Phospholipid
 Found
in all our cells
 Makes up the cell membrane
 2 layers of phospholipids  lipid bilayer
Phospholipid Bilayer
Wax
 One
fatty acid chain to a glycerol
 Waterproof
 Create protective layer in animals and
plants
Steroids - hormones
Steroids
 Four
carbon rings linked together
 Usually our hormones
 Ex: Cholesterol is found in our cell
membranes
 http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesi
ty/obesity_molecular/01.html
 http://www.wisconline.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=
AP13204
Nucleic Acids
 Contains
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus
Nucleic Acids
 Monomer



= nucleotide
5 carbon sugar
Phosphorous group
Nitrogenous base
Properties
 Store
genetic information
 Two kinds of nucleic acids


DNA
RNA