Transcript Structure and Function of Macromolecules

Chapter 4 and 5: The
Amazing Carbon Atom
and Function of
Macromolecules
Estimated time: 5 days
Learning Goals:
1. Understand why carbon is the basis
of living things
2. Organic Chemistry is carbon based
chemistry
3. Recognize the functional groups
4. Understand the basics of
macromolecule chemistry
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Nucleic Acid
4. Lipids
Why Carbon?
Carbon Anatomy
-Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon based
compounds
-Four valence electrons
- Can bond with four other
atoms
-Can create single, double, and
triple bonds (Rings and
Resonance)
-At some point in Earth’s history organic
compounds were created (Miller Experiment)
-Hydrocarbons contain only hydrogen and carbon
(Fatty acid chains (non polar)
What are Isomers
-Carbon has the ability to be the backbone of
isomers due to it’s four potential bonds.
-Isomers have the same molecular formula but
different shapes
Structural differ in covalent
arrangement of atoms
Geometric differ in spacial
arrangement
-Across double
bonds
-Trans and Cis
Enatomers are mirror images of
each other
**Look at page 63 for other
samples
Functional Groups: There are seven major groups that
have specific chemical properties
** You will need to
make a foldable with
all the functional
groups on it. P. 64-65
will help.
1. Hydroxyl
2. Carbonyl
3. Carbonxyl
4. Amino
5. Sulfhydryl
6. Phosphate
7. Methyl
Macromolecules….
What?
- “Macromolecules are the
molecules of life”
-”Macro cause their big”
-Types:
-Proteins
-Lipids
-DNA
-Carbohydrates
Macromolecule polymer
chemistry
- Polymers: long chains of monomers
- Monomers: Similar units (building blocks)
Carbohydrates Monomers = various sugars
Protein Monomers = Amino Acids
Nucleic Acid Monomers = Nucleotides
**Lipids don’t consist of polymers.
Hydrolysis = breaks a monomer off the
polymer
Dehydration = adds monomers to a
polymer
Carbohydrates
-Monosaccarides = one sugar molecule
(Follow (CH2O)n formula)
-Open chain or ring forms
www.stolaf.edu/people/.../biological%20anamations.html
- Classified by:
1. Number of Carbons
2. Aldoses or Ketoses
3. Chiral Carbons
Carbohydrates
- Polysaccharides = Polymers made up of monosaccarides (different monomers make up different
polymers
- 1-4 glycosidic
carbon
bond
= Bonds between monosaccharides are between the 1carbon and the four
Carbohydrates: Energy
Storage
-Glycogen
-Starch
– Branched Glucose polymer
-Stores glucose in animals
-Hydrolysis releases glucose for
metabolism
– Branched and Unbranched plant
glucose polymers.
-Stores glucose in plants
-hydrolysis releases glucose for
metabolism
-Animals can hydrolyze starch
http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/starlose.htm
Carbohydrates: Structure
Cellulose – Long linear chains
- Can hydrogen bond with parallel
chains
Starch vs Cellulose
-Structural difference in Glucose
(Alpha or Beta)
- Starch can be digested by humans
-Cellulose can’t be digested by
humans
Lipids are …
-Non polar
-Not considered polymers
-Mostly hydrocarbon chains
Steriods
- lipids characterized
by four carbon rings
fused together
-Cholesterol found in
cell membranes
-Hormones like
testosterone and
estrogen
-Phospholipids
contain a polar
(hydrophilic) head and
two hydrocarbon, non
polar (hydrophobic) tails
-Form the lipid bilayers of
cells and organelles
-Cells wouldn’t exist
without phospholipids
-Fats are considered lipids
-Three fatty acids connected to a glycerol
molecule
-Energy Storage (adipose cells) 1 g has twice
as much storage as 1 g of starch
-Saturated (solid) vs unsaturated (liquids)
contain double bonds p. 75
-Fat is an adaptation
Active Site
Protein Function
-50% of dry mass of most
cells is proteins
-Extremely large molecules
-Act as enzymes p. 78
-Enzymes are biological
catalysts that speed up
chemical reactions
This 3-D model shows the enzyme
integrase which is responsible for
inserting HIV into the DNA of humans
http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2010/02/01/tech-aids-enzyme-structure.html
Protein
Composition
-Proteins are polypeptide
chains
-Made up of monomers
called amino acids
-Amino acids have
various properties
-Properties determine
folding and overall
protein function
-Proteins are made in
the ribosomes and
coded for in DNA
Protein
Structure
Primary Structure
-Amino Acid
Sequence
-Can be thought of
as a book
Tertiary Structure
Uses all the
molecular attractions
to hold the protein
together.
Secondary Structure is dictated by amino acid sequence
(polar amino acids) that form hydrogen bonds
Alpha Helix and Beta pleated sheets
Quaternary
Structure
-Bonding of
more then one
protein
sequence.
-Can use units
like iron to hold
together.
-Read p. 84.
Sickle Cell Example
-Example of how a single error in the primary structure
can effect the rest of the structures
Protein Craziness
-Proteins will fold the correct way provided a proper
environment
-Temperature and pH have an affect on pH.
-Protein Chaperones can create a proper environment for
other protein folding
-Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s are associated with misfolded
proteins
Nucleic Acid Function
1. Store and transfer genetic
information
2. Can exist as DNA (double
stranded)
3. Can exist as various types of
RNA (single stranded)
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Nucleic Acid Composition
-Monomers are nucleotides made up of one sugar, one
phosphate group and one nitrogenous base
-Bases differ in structure
-Sugars differ depending on if RNA or DNA
Nucleic Acid Structure
-Double Helix Structure
-Anti-parallel (5’ – 3’)
-Bases are bound by
hydrogen bonds
-Sugars and phosphate
groups alternate on the
backbone.